Author
Alex Koyfman, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Parkland Memorial Hospital
Alex Koyfman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Coauthor(s)
Brit J Long, MD Associate Professor, Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Associate Program Director - Research, San Antonio Uniformed Services Health Education Consortium
Brit J Long, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Specialty Editor Board
Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference
Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.
James Steven Walker, DO, MS Clinical Professor of Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma College of Medicine
James Steven Walker, DO, MS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Osteopathic Emergency Physicians, American Osteopathic Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Chief Editor
Liudvikas Jagminas, MD, FACEP Chief of Service, Attending Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; Vice-Chair for Network Development, Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess and Harvard Medical Faculty Physicians; Adjunct Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University
Liudvikas Jagminas, MD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, International Trauma Anesthesia and Critical Care Society, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Additional Contributors
Eric M Kardon, MD, FACEP Attending Emergency Physician, Georgia Emergency Medicine Specialists; Physician, Division of Emergency Medicine, Athens Regional Medical Center
Eric M Kardon, MD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Informatics Association, Medical Association of Georgia
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Reed Brozen, MD Director of Air Transport, Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Dartmouth Medical School, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center
Reed Brozen, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, New Hampshire Medical Society, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Robert E O'Connor, MD, MPH Professor and Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Virginia Health System
Robert E O'Connor, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Heart Association, American Medical Association, National Association of EMS Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Christian Fromm, MD, FAAEM, FACEP Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, State University of New York Downstate College of Medicine; Director of Research, Attending Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Maimonides Medical Center
Christian Fromm, MD, FAAEM, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Trauma Society, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous editor, Craig Feied, MD, to the development and writing of this article.
