Pediatric Reactive Airway Disease Questions & Answers

1. [Guideline] Expert panel commissioned by the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (NAEPP) Coordinating Committee(CC), coordinated by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) of the National Institutes of Health. The Expert Panel Report 3 (EPR-3) Full Report 2007: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. August 28, 2007. [Full Text].

2. [Guideline] Expert Panel Working Group of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) administered and coordinated National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee (NAEPPCC)., Cloutier MM, Baptist AP, Blake KV, et al. 2020 Focused Updates to the Asthma Management Guidelines: A Report from the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee Expert Panel Working Group. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020 Dec. 146 (6):1217-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

3. [Guideline] Reddel HK, Taylor DR, Bateman ED, et al. An official American Thoracic Society/european Respiratory Society statement: asthma control and exacerbations: standardizing endpoints for clinical asthma trials and clinical practice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009 Jul 1. 180(1):59-99. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Szefler SJ. Advances in pediatric asthma in 2007. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008 Mar. 121(3):614-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Sahib El-Radhi A, Patel S. The clinical course of childhood asthma in association with fever. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2009 Jul. 48(6):627-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Lotz MT, Moore ML, Peebles RS Jr. Respiratory syncytial virus and reactive airway disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2013. 372:105-18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Rosenstreich DL, Eggleston P, Kattan M, et al. The role of cockroach allergy and exposure to cockroach allergen in causing morbidity among inner-city children with asthma. N Engl J Med. 1997 May 8. 336(19):1356-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Litonjua AA, Carey VJ, Burge HA, et al. Exposure to cockroach allergen in the home is associated with incident doctor-diagnosed asthma and recurrent wheezing. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001 Jan. 107(1):41-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Kim KW, Shin YH, Lee KE, Kim ES, Sohn MH, Kim KE. Relationship between adipokines and manifestations of childhood asthma. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2008 Sep. 19(6):535-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Castro-Rodriguez JA, Holberg CJ, Wright AL, Martinez FD. A clinical index to define risk of asthma in young children with recurrent wheezing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000 Oct. 162(4 Pt 1):1403-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

11. Tagiyeva N, Devereux G, Fielding S, Turner S, Douglas G. Outcomes of Childhood Asthma and Wheezy Bronchitis. A 50-Year Cohort Study. American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine. January 1, 2016. 193 (1):23-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. [Guideline] Kian Fan Chung, Sally E. Wenzel, Jan L. Brozek , Andrew Bush, Mario Castro. International ERS/ATS guidelines ondefinition, evaluation and treatment of severe asthma. Eur Respir J. April 2014. 43:343-373. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

13. Federico MJ, Wamboldt FS, Carter R, Mansell A, Wamboldt MZ. History of serious asthma exacerbations should be included in guidelines of asthma severity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Jan. 119(1):50-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Stewart LJ. Pediatric asthma. Prim Care. 2008 Mar. 35(1):25-40, vi. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Hederos CA, Janson S, Andersson H, Hedlin G. Chest X-ray investigation in newly discovered asthma. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2004 Apr. 15(2):163-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Hsu KH, Jenkins DE, Hsi BP, et al. Ventilatory functions of normal children and young adults--Mexican- American, white, and black. II. Wright peak flowmeter. J Pediatr. 1979 Aug. 95(2):192-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Bourdin A, Molinari N, Vachier I, et al. Prognostic value of of cluster analysis of severe asthma phenotypes. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134(5):1043-1050. November 2014. Volume 134, Issue 5:1043-1050. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

18. Nakamoto K1, Saraya T1, Takizawa H1. Asthma phenotypes: An important step for tailor-made therapy. J Gen Fam Med. 2017 Aug 31;18(5):315-316. 18(5):315-316. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

19. Licari A , Castagnoli R , Brambilla I , Marseglia A , Tosca MA , Marseglia GL , et al. Expert Opin Drug Discov. 2018 Jan;13(1):51-63. doi: 10.1080/17460441.2018.1396315. Epub 2017 Oct 3. Expert Opin Drug Discov. 2018 Jan. 13(1):51-63:51-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

20. Jackson DJ, Bacharier LB, Mauger DT, et al. Quintupling Inhaled Glucocorticoids to Prevent Childhood Asthma Exacerbations. New England Journal of Medicine. March 8, 2018. 378 (10):891-901. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

21. McKeever T, Mortimer K, Wilson A, et al. Quadrupling Inhaled Glucocorticoid Dose to Abort Asthma Exacerbations. New England Journal of Medicine. March 8, 2018. 378(10):902-910. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

22. Elliott T, Shih J, Dinakar C, Portnoy J, Fineman S. American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Position Paper on the Use of Telemedicine for Allergists. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2017 Dec. 119:512-517. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Williams AM, Abramo TJ, Shah MV, et al. Safety and clinical findings of BiPAP utilization in children 20 kg or less for asthma exacerbations. Intensive Care Med. 2011 Aug. 37(8):1338-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Kaashmiri M, Shepard J, Goodman B, Lincourt WR, Trivedi R, Ellsworth A, et al. Repeat dosing of albuterol via metered-dose inhaler in infants with acute obstructive airway disease: a randomized controlled safety trial. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2010 Mar. 26(3):197-202. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Andrews AL, Teufel RJ 2nd, Basco WT Jr, Simpson KN. A cost-effectiveness analysis of inhaled corticosteroid delivery for children with asthma in the emergency department. J Pediatr. 2012 Nov. 161(5):903-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Andrews AL, Wong KA, Heine D, Scott Russell W. A cost-effectiveness analysis of dexamethasone versus prednisone in pediatric acute asthma exacerbations. Acad Emerg Med. 2012 Aug. 19(8):943-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. SJ Teach et al. Preseasonal treatment with either omalizumab or an inhaled corticosteroid boost to prevent fall asthma exacerbations. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. December 2015. Volume 136, Issue 6:1476–1485. [Full Text].

28. Chong J, Haran C, Chauhan BF, Asher I. Intermittent inhaled corticosteroid therapy versus placebo for persistent asthma in children and adults. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. January 1, 2015. 7:[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. [Guideline] Gaillard EA, Kuehni CE, Turner S, Goutaki M, Holden KA, de Jong CCM, et al. European Respiratory Society clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis of asthma in children aged 5-16 years. Eur Respir J. 2021 Apr 19. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Chauhan BF, Chartrand C, Ni Chroinin M, Milan SJ, Ducharme FM. Addition of long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Nov 24. 11:CD007949. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Ducharme FM, Ni Chroinin M, Greenstone I, Lasserson TJ. Addition of long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled steroids versus higher dose inhaled steroids in adults and children with persistent asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. APR 2010. Issue 4:[Full Text].

32. Stanford R, et al. Comparative clinical and economic outcomes in children with asthma initiating eitherfluticasone propionate plus salmeterol or inhaled corticosteroids plus montelukast. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. Nov 2009. 103(5):62. [Full Text].

33. Nino G, Grunstein MM. Current concepts on the use of glucocorticosteroids and beta-2-adrenoreceptor agonists to treat childhood asthma. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2010 Jun. 22 (3):290-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Childhood Asthma Treatment: Not One-Size-Fits-All. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). March 2,2010. Available at http://www.nih.gov/news/health/mar2010/nhlbi-02.htm.

35. Massanari M, Milgrom H, Pollard S, Maykut RJ, Kianifard F, Fowler-Taylor A, et al. Adding omalizumab to the therapy of adolescents with persistent uncontrolled moderate--severe allergic asthma. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2009 Oct. 48(8):859-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Sandstrom T. Omalizumab in the management of patients with allergic (IgE-mediated) asthma. Journal of Asthma and Allergy. May 2009. 2:49-62. [Full Text].

37. Lanier B, Bridges T, Kulus M, Taylor AF, Berhane I, Vidaurre CF. Omalizumab for the treatment of exacerbations in children with inadequately controlled allergic (IgE-mediated) asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009 Dec. 124(6):1210-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Early Communication about an Ongoing Safety Review of Omalizumab (marketed as Xolair). US Department of Health and Human Services/FDA. July 2009. Available at http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/PostmarketDrugSafetyInformationforPatientsandProviders/DrugSafetyInformationforHeathcareProfessionals/ucm172218.htm.

39. Schramm CM, Carroll CL. Advances in treating acute asthma exacerbations in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2009 Jun. 21(3):326-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Blackhall K, Appleton S, Cates CJ. Ionisers for chronic asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003. CD002986. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

41. Zeiger RS, Mauger D, Bacharier LB, Guilbert TW, Martinez FD, Lemanske RF Jr, et al. Daily or intermittent budesonide in preschool children with recurrent wheezing. N Engl J Med. 2011 Nov 24. 365(21):1990-2001. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Morse RB, Hall M, Fieldston ES, McGwire G, Anspacher M, Sills MR, et al. Hospital-level compliance with asthma care quality measures at children's hospitals and subsequent asthma-related outcomes. JAMA. 2011 Oct 5. 306(13):1454-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Mireku N, Wang Y, Ager J, Reddy RC, Baptist AP. Changes in weather and the effects on pediatric asthma exacerbations. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2009 Sep. 103(3):220-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Sorkness CA, Lemanske RF Jr, Mauger DT, Boehmer SJ, Chinchilli VM, Martinez FD, et al. Long-term comparison of 3 controller regimens for mild-moderate persistent childhood asthma: the Pediatric Asthma Controller Trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Jan. 119(1):64-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Li P, Guttmann A. Recent innovations to improve asthma outcomes in vulnerable children. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2009 Dec. 21(6):783-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Nuorti JP, Whitney CG. Prevention of pneumococcal disease among infants and children - use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine - recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010 Dec 10. 59:1-18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Fiore AE, Uyeki TM, Broder K, et al. Prevention and control of influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010 Aug 6. 59:1-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Committee on Infectious Diseases, American Academy of Pediatrics. Recommendations for prevention and control of influenza in children, 2012-2013. Pediatrics. 2012 Oct. 130(4):780-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. US Food and Drug Administration. Asthmatx, Inc. Alair Bronchial Thermoplasty System - P080032. 2010. Available at http://www.fda.gov/medicaldevices/productsandmedicalprocedures/deviceapprovalsandclearances/recently-approveddevices/ucm212594.htm.

50. Pavord ID, Korn S, Howarth P, Bleecker ER, Buhl R, Keene ON, et al. Mepolizumab for severe eosinophilic asthma (DREAM): a multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2012 Aug 18. 380(9842):651-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. J. Bernstein et. al. Once-Daily Tiotropium Respimat Added-On to Inhaled Corticosteroids in a 1-Year Study in Adolescent Patients With Symptomatic Asthma Is Efficacious and Well Tolerated. Chest Journal. October 29, 2014. October 2014, Vol 146, No. 4_MeetingAbstracts:[Full Text].

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53. Apter AJ, Szefler SJ. Advances in adult and pediatric asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004 Mar. 113(3):407-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Baren JM, Zorc JJ. Contemporary approach to the emergency department management of pediatric asthma. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2002 Feb. 20(1):115-38. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Beasley R, Crane J, Lai CK, Pearce N. Prevalence and etiology of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000 Feb. 105(2 Pt 2):S466-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Becker A, Watson W, Ferguson A, et al. The Canadian asthma primary prevention study: outcomes at 2 years of age. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004 Apr. 113(4):650-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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Eric S Chin, MD Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaiser Permanente Hospital, S San Francisco

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Grace M Young, MD Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland Medical Center

Grace M Young, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Emergency Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Kirsten A Bechtel, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine; Co-Director, Injury Free Coalition for Kids, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital

Kirsten A Bechtel, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Debra Slapper, MD Physician, Southwest Washington Free Clinic System-Urgent Care; Former FEMA Physician and Military Contractor; Former Associate Professor, University of Miami, Leonard M Miller School of Medicine and University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine

Debra Slapper, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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