Rapid Sequence Intubation Questions & Answers

1. Reynolds SF, Heffner J. Airway management of the critically ill patient: rapid-sequence intubation. Chest. 2005 Apr. 127(4):1397-412. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Bair AE, Filbin MR, Kulkarni RG, et al. The failed intubation attempt in the emergency department: analysis of prevalence, rescue techniques, and personnel. J Emerg Med. 2002 Aug. 23(2):131-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Sagarin MJ, Barton ED, Chng YM, et al. Airway management by US and Canadian emergency medicine residents: a multicenter analysis of more than 6,000 endotracheal intubation attempts. Ann Emerg Med. 2005 Oct. 46(4):328-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Wilcox SR, Bittner EA, Elmer J, Seigel TA, Nguyen NT, Dhillon A, et al. Neuromuscular blocking agent administration for emergent tracheal intubation is associated with decreased prevalence of procedure-related complications*. Crit Care Med. 2012 Jun. 40(6):1808-1813. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Cudnik MT, Newgard CD, Daya M, Jui J. The impact of rapid sequence intubation on trauma patient mortality in attempted prehospital intubation. J Emerg Med. 2010 Feb. 38(2):175-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Davis DP, Dunford JV, Poste JC, Ochs M, Holbrook T, Fortlage D, et al. The impact of hypoxia and hyperventilation on outcome after paramedic rapid sequence intubation of severely head-injured patients. J Trauma. 2004 Jul. 57(1):1-8; discussion 8-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Dunford JV, Davis DP, Ochs M, Doney M, Hoyt DB. Incidence of transient hypoxia and pulse rate reactivity during paramedic rapid sequence intubation. Ann Emerg Med. 2003 Dec. 42(6):721-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. El-Orbany M, Connolly LA. Rapid sequence induction and intubation: current controversy. Anesth Analg. 2010 May 1. 110(5):1318-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Butler J, Sen A. Best evidence topic report. Cricoid pressure in emergency rapid sequence induction. Emerg Med J. 2005 Nov. 22(11):815-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Walz JM, Zayaruzny M, Heard SO. Airway management in critical illness. Chest. 2007 Feb. 131(2):608-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Brown CA 3rd, Bair AE, Pallin DJ, Laurin EG, Walls RM. Improved glottic exposure with the video macintosh laryngoscope in adult emergency department tracheal intubations. Ann Emerg Med. 2010 Aug. 56(2):83-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Kelly JJ, Eynon CA, Kaplan JL, et al. Use of tube condensation as an indicator of endotracheal tube placement. Ann Emerg Med. 1998 May. 31(5):575-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Interim Guidance for Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Systems and 911 Public Safety Answering Points (PSAPs) for COVID-19 in the United States. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/hcp/guidance-for-ems.html. March 10, 2020; Accessed: April 7, 2020.

14. [Guideline] Quintard H, l'Her E, Pottecher J, et al. Experts' guidelines of intubation and extubation of the ICU patient of French Society of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine (SFAR) and French-speaking Intensive Care Society (SRLF) : In collaboration with the pediatric Association of French-speaking Anaesthetists and Intensivists (ADARPEF), French-speaking Group of Intensive Care and Paediatric emergencies (GFRUP) and Intensive Care physiotherapy society (SKR). Ann Intensive Care. 2019 Jan 22. 9 (1):13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Amour J, Le Manach YL, Borel M, Lenfant F, Nicolas-Robin A, Carillion A, et al. Comparison of single-use and reusable metal laryngoscope blades for orotracheal intubation during rapid sequence induction of anesthesia: a multicenter cluster randomized study. Anesthesiology. 2010 Feb. 112(2):325-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Weingart SD. Preoxygenation, reoxygenation, and delayed sequence intubation in the emergency department. J Emerg Med. 2011 Jun. 40 (6):661-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Taha SK, Siddik-Sayyid SM, El-Khatib MF, Dagher CM, Hakki MA, Baraka AS. Nasopharyngeal oxygen insufflation following pre-oxygenation using the four deep breath technique. Anaesthesia. 2006 May. 61 (5):427-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Singh H, Vichitvejpaisal P, Gaines GY, White PF. Comparative effects of lidocaine, esmolol, and nitroglycerin in modifying the hemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and intubation. J Clin Anesth. 1995 Feb. 7(1):5-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Donegan MF, Bedford RF. Intravenously administered lidocaine prevents intracranial hypertension during endotracheal suctioning. Anesthesiology. 1980 Jun. 52(6):516-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Chraemmer-Jorgensen B, Hoilund-Carlsen PF, Marving J, Christensen V. Lack of effect of intravenous lidocaine on hemodynamic responses to rapid sequence induction of general anesthesia: a double-blind controlled clinical trial. Anesth Analg. 1986 Oct. 65(10):1037-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Miller CD, Warren SJ. IV lignocaine fails to attenuate the cardiovascular response to laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation. Br J Anaesth. 1990 Aug. 65(2):216-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Tam S, Chung F, Campbell M. Intravenous lidocaine: optimal time of injection before tracheal intubation. Anesth Analg. 1987 Oct. 66(10):1036-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Wang YM, Chung KC, Lu HF, Huang YW, Lin KC, Yang LC, et al. Lidocaine: the optimal timing of intravenous administration in attenuation of increase of intraocular pressure during tracheal intubation. Acta Anaesthesiol Sin. 2003 Jun. 41(2):71-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Bidwai AV, Bidwai VA, Rogers CR, Stanley TH. Blood-pressure and pulse-rate responses to endotracheal extubation with and without prior injection of lidocaine. Anesthesiology. 1979 Aug. 51(2):171-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Samaha T, Ravussin P, Claquin C, Ecoffey C. [Prevention of increase of blood pressure and intracranial pressure during endotracheal intubation in neurosurgery: esmolol versus lidocaine]. Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 1996. 15(1):36-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Lev R, Rosen P. Prophylactic lidocaine use preintubation: a review. J Emerg Med. 1994 Jul-Aug. 12(4):499-506. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Walls RM. Rapid-sequence intubation in head trauma. Ann Emerg Med. 1993 Jun. 22(6):1008-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Walls RM. Management of the difficult airway in the trauma patient. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 1998 Feb. 16(1):45-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Airway. Marx JA, Hockberger RS, Walls RM, eds. Rosen's Emergency Medicine. 6th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2004. 11.

30. Windsor J, Varon AJ. Fentanyl should be used with caution in patients with severe brain injury. J Trauma. 1998 Dec. 45(6):1103. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. de Nadal M, Munar F, Poca MA, Sahuquillo J, Garnacho A, Rossello J. Cerebral hemodynamic effects of morphine and fentanyl in patients with severe head injury: absence of correlation to cerebral autoregulation. Anesthesiology. 2000 Jan. 92(1):11-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. de Nadal M, Ausina A, Sahuquillo J, Pedraza S, Garnacho A, Gancedo VA. Effects on intracranial pressure of fentanyl in severe head injured patients. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 1998. 71:10-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Sperry RJ, Bailey PL, Reichman MV, Peterson JC, Petersen PB, Pace NL. Fentanyl and sufentanil increase intracranial pressure in head trauma patients. Anesthesiology. 1992 Sep. 77(3):416-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Weinstabl C, Spiss CK. Fentanyl and sufentanil increase intracranial pressure in head trauma patients. Anesthesiology. 1993 Mar. 78(3):622-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Sperry RJ, Bailey PL, Reichman MV, Peterson JC, Petersen PB, Pace NL. Fentanyl and sufentanil increase intracranial pressure in head trauma patients. Anesthesiology. 1992 Sep. 77(3):416-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Tsou CH, Chiang CE, Kao T, Jawan B, Luk HN. Atropine-triggered idiopathic ventricular tachycardia in an asymptomatic pediatric patient. Can J Anaesth. 2004 Oct. 51(8):856-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. McAuliffe G, Bissonnette B, Boutin C. Should the routine use of atropine before succinylcholine in children be reconsidered?. Can J Anaesth. 1995 Aug. 42(8):724-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Fastle RK, Roback MG. Pediatric rapid sequence intubation: incidence of reflex bradycardia and effects of pretreatment with atropine. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2004 Oct. 20(10):651-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Marik PE. Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency. Chest. 2009 Jan. 135 (1):181-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Marik PE, Pastores SM, Annane D, Meduri GU, Sprung CL, Arlt W, et al. Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of corticosteroid insufficiency in critically ill adult patients: consensus statements from an international task force by the American College of Critical Care Medicine. Crit Care Med. 2008 Jun. 36 (6):1937-49. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Sehdev RS, Symmons DA, Kindl K. Ketamine for rapid sequence induction in patients with head injury in the emergency department. Emerg Med Australas. 2006 Feb. 18(1):37-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Himmelseher S, Durieux ME. Revising a dogma: ketamine for patients with neurological injury?. Anesth Analg. 2005 Aug. 101(2):524-34, table of contents. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Albanese J, Arnaud S, Rey M, Thomachot L, Alliez B, Martin C. Ketamine decreases intracranial pressure and electroencephalographic activity in traumatic brain injury patients during propofol sedation. Anesthesiology. 1997 Dec. 87(6):1328-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Zink BJ, Snyder HS, Raccio-Robak N. Lack of a hyperkalemic response in emergency department patients receiving succinylcholine. Acad Emerg Med. 1995 Nov. 2(11):974-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Schaller SJ, Fink H. Sugammadex as a reversal agent for neuromuscular block: an evidence-based review. Core Evid. 2013. 8:57-67. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Adnet F, Baillard C, Borron SW, et al. Randomized study comparing the "sniffing position" with simple head extension for laryngoscopic view in elective surgery patients. Anesthesiology. 2001 Oct. 95(4):836-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Mace SE. Challenges and advances in intubation: airway evaluation and controversies with intubation. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2008 Nov. 26(4):977-1000, ix. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Smith KJ, Dobranowski J, Yip G, Dauphin A, Choi PT. Cricoid pressure displaces the esophagus: an observational study using magnetic resonance imaging. Anesthesiology. 2003 Jul. 99(1):60-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Werner SL, Smith CE, Goldstein JR, Jones RA, Cydulka RK. Pilot study to evaluate the accuracy of ultrasonography in confirming endotracheal tube placement. Ann Emerg Med. 2007 Jan. 49(1):75-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Muslu B, Sert H, Kaya A, Demircioglu RI, Gözdemir M, Usta B, et al. Use of sonography for rapid identification of esophageal and tracheal intubations in adult patients. J Ultrasound Med. 2011 May. 30(5):671-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Mulcaster JT, Mills J, Hung OR, MacQuarrie K, Law JA, Pytka S, et al. Laryngoscopic intubation: learning and performance. Anesthesiology. 2003 Jan. 98 (1):23-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Howard-Quijano KJ, Huang YM, Matevosian R, Kaplan MB, Steadman RH. Video-assisted instruction improves the success rate for tracheal intubation by novices. Br J Anaesth. 2008 Oct. 101 (4):568-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Nouruzi-Sedeh P, Schumann M, Groeben H. Laryngoscopy via Macintosh blade versus GlideScope: success rate and time for endotracheal intubation in untrained medical personnel. Anesthesiology. 2009 Jan. 110 (1):32-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Griesdale DE, Liu D, McKinney J, Choi PT. Glidescope® video-laryngoscopy versus direct laryngoscopy for endotracheal intubation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Can J Anaesth. 2012 Jan. 59 (1):41-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Walls RM. The decision to intubate. Walls RM, ed-in-chief; Murphy MF, Luten RC, Schneider RE, eds. Manual of Emergency Airway Management. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004. 1-7.

56. Walls RM. Rapid sequence intubation. Walls RM, ed-in-chief; Murphy MF, Luten RC, Schneider RE, eds. Manual of Emergency Airway Management. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004. 22-31.

Keith A Lafferty, MD Adjunct Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine; Medical Student Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Gulf Coast Medical Center

Keith A Lafferty, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American Medical Association, Pennsylvania Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Rachel Dillinger Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Luis M Lovato, MD Associate Clinical Professor, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine; Director of Critical Care, Department of Emergency Medicine, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center

Luis M Lovato, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Emergency Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Guy W Soo Hoo, MD, MPH Professor of Clinical Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine; Director, Medical Intensive Care Unit, Chief, Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Section, West Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, Veteran Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System

Guy W Soo Hoo, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for Respiratory Care, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Thoracic Society, California Thoracic Society, Society of Critical Care Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael R Filbin, MD, FACEP Clinical Instructor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital

Michael R Filbin, MD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, Massachusetts Medical Society, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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