Nursemaid Elbow Medication

1. Schutzman SA, Teach S. Upper-extremity impairment in young children. Ann Emerg Med. 1995 Oct. 26 (4):474-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Nardi NM, Schaefer TJ. Nursemaid Elbow. StatPearls [Internet]. 2023 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

3. Salter RB, Zaltz C. Anatomic investigations of the mechanism of injury and pathologic anatomy of "pulled elbow" in young children. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1971. 77:134-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Eismann EA, Cosco ED, Wall EJ. Absence of Radiographic Abnormalities in Nursemaid’s Elbow. J Pediatr Orthop. 2014. 34(4):426-31.

5. Li N, Khoo B, Brown L, Young T. Nonaxial Traction Mechanisms of Nursemaid's Elbow. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2021 Jun 1. 37 (6):e292-e294. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Hanes L, McLaughlin R, Ornstein AE. Suspected Radial Head Subluxation in Infants: The Need for Radiologic Evaluation. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2021 Jan 1. 37 (1):e58-e59. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Zhou JJ, Shah NV, Scheer RC, et al. Trends and epidemiology of radial head subluxation in the United States from 2004 to 2018. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2022 Aug. 32 (6):1137-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Schunk JE. Radial head subluxation: epidemiology and treatment of 87 episodes. Ann Emerg Med. 1990 Sep. 19(9):1019-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Vitello S, Dvorkin R, Sattler S, Levy D, Ung L. Epidemiology of Nursemaid's Elbow. West J Emerg Med. 2014 Jul. 15 (4):554-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Wong K, Troncoso AB, Calello DP, Salo D, Fiesseler F. Radial Head Subluxation: Factors Associated with Its Recurrence and Radiographic Evaluation in a Tertiary Pediatric Emergency Department. J Emerg Med. 2016 Dec. 51 (6):621-627. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Pearson BV, Kuhns DW. Nursemaid's elbow in a 31-year-old female. Am J Emerg Med. 2007 Feb. 25(2):222-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Teach SJ, Schutzman SA. Prospective study of recurrent radial head subluxation. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1996 Feb. 150(2):164-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Michaels MG. A case of bilateral nursemaid's elbow. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1989 Dec. 5(4):226-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Diab HS, Hamed MMS, Allam Y. Obscure pathology of pulled elbow: dynamic high-resolution ultrasound-assisted classification. ournal of Children’s Orthopaedics. 2010. 4(6):539-543.

15. Kosuwon W, Mahaisavariya B, Saengnipanthkul S, et al. Ultrasonography of pulled elbow. J Bone Joint Surg Br. May 1993. 75(3):421-2.

16. Dohi, D. Confirmed specific ultrasonographic findings of pulled elbow. J Pediatr Orthop. 2013 Dec. 33(8):829-31.

17. Sohn Y, Lee Y, Oh Y, Lee W. Sonographic finding of a pulled elbow: the "hook sign". Pediatr Emerg Care. 2014 Dec. 30 (12):919-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Rabiner JE, Khine H, Avner JR, Tsung JW. Ultrasound findings of the elbow posterior fat pad in children with radial head subluxation. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2015 May. 31 (5):327-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Rabiner JE, Khine H, et al. Accuracy of Point-of-Care Ultrasonography for Diagnosis of Elbow Fractures in Children. Ann Emerg Med. Jan 2013. 61:9-17.

20. Shabet S, Folman Y, Mann G, Kots Y, Fredman B, Banian M, et al. The role of sonography in detecting radial head subluxation in a child. Case Report. J Clinical Ultrasound. May 2005. 33(4):187-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Pai DR, Thapa M. Musculoskeletal ultrasound of the upper extremity in children. Pediatr Radiol. 2013 Mar. 43 Suppl 1:S48-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Genadry KC, Monuteaux MC, Neuman MI, Lipsett SC. Management and Outcomes of Children With Nursemaid's Elbow. Ann Emerg Med. 2021 Feb. 77 (2):154-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Güngör F, Kılıç T. Point-of-Care Ultrasonography to Assist in the Diagnosis and Management of Subluxation of the Radial Head in Pediatric Patients: A Case Series. J Emerg Med. 2017 May. 52 (5):702-706. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Quan L, Marcuse EK. The epidemiology and treatment of radial head subluxation. Am J Dis Child. 1985 Dec. 139(12):1194-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Macias CG, Bothner J, Wiebe R. A comparison of supination/flexion to hyperpronation in the reduction of radial head subluxations. Pediatrics. 1998 Jul. 102(1):e10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. McDonald J, Whitelaw C, Goldsmith LJ. Radial head subluxation: comparing two methods of reduction. Acad Emerg Med. 1999 Jul. 6(7):715-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Green DA, Linares MY, Garcia Peña BM, Greenberg B, Baker RL. Randomized comparison of pain perception during radial head subluxation reduction using supination-flexion or forced pronation. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2006 Apr. 22(4):235-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Bek D, Yildiz C, Köse O, Sehirlioglu A, Basbozkurt M. Pronation versus supination maneuvers for the reduction of 'pulled elbow': a randomized clinical trial. Eur J Emerg Med. 2009 Jun. 16(3):135-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Gunaydin YK, Katirci Y, Duymaz H, Vural K, Halhalli HC, Akcil M, et al. Comparison of success and pain levels of supination-flexion and hyperpronation maneuvers in childhood nursemaid's elbow cases. Am J Emerg Med. 2013. 31(7):1078-81.

30. García-Mata S, Hidalgo-Ovejero A. Efficacy of reduction maneuvers for "pulled elbow" in children: a prospective study of 115 cases. J Pediatr Orthop. 2014 Jun. 34 (4):432-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Guzel M, Salt O, Demir MT, Akdemir HU, Durukan P, Yalcin A. Comparison of hyperpronation and supination-flexion techniques in children presented to emergency department with painful pronation. Niger J Clin Pract. 2014 Mar-Apr. 17 (2):201-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Dr. Vader. Nursemaid Elbow manipulation. Available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rxrrkMcgx2Y. Accessed: January 31, 2014.

33. Mellick L. Nursemaid Elbow Reduction. Available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-0ROu4hCXwQ. Accessed: January 31, 2014.

34. Aylor MI, Anderson JM, Vanderford P, et al. Videos in clinical medicine. Reduction of pulled elbow. N Engl J Med. 20 Nov 2014. 371(21):e32:[Full Text].

35. Krul M, van der Wouden JC, van Suijlekom-Smit LW, Koes BW. Manipulative interventions for reducing pulled elbow in young children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012. 1-18.

36. Stone CA. Subluxation of the head of the radius. JAMA. 1916. 67:28-9.

37. Van Arsdale WH. On subluxation of the head of the radius in children with a resume of one hundred consecutive cases. Ann Surg. 1889. 9:401-23.

38. Bertucci N, Cowling K. Is Hyperpronation More Effective Than Supination for Reduction of a Radial Head Subluxation?. Ann Emerg Med. 2018 Nov. 72 (5):586-587. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Wayne Wolfram, MD, MPH Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mercy St Vincent Medical Center; Chairman, Pediatric Institutional Review Board, Mercy St Vincent Medical Center, Toledo, Ohio

Wayne Wolfram, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American Academy of Pediatrics, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Devin N Boss, DO Attending Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, St John's Clinic

Devin N Boss, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Osteopathic Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mark Panetta, MD Resident Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mercy St Vincent Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Grace M Young, MD Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland Medical Center

Grace M Young, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Emergency Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Kirsten A Bechtel, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine; Co-Director, Injury Free Coalition for Kids, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital

Kirsten A Bechtel, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Garry Wilkes, MBBS, FACEM Emergency Physician, Echuca Regional Health, Victoria; Clinical Associate Professor, University of Western Australia, Australia

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article