History

See the list below:

Often, a history of exposure to other children with diarrhea is reported.
Symptoms usually begin within 2 days of exposure and include the following:
- Anorexia
- Low-grade fever
- Watery, bloodless diarrhea
- Vomiting
- Abdominal cramps
Stool output can be copious during the diarrheal phase of the illness, and dehydration is a common presenting complaint.

Physical

The physical examination findings for rotavirus infection are often unremarkable except for signs of dehydration.

The most common finding is hyperactive bowel sounds.
Rectal examination may stimulate the production of watery, heme-negative stools.
Tachycardia can be disproportionate to the temperature.
Sunken eyes and/or anterior fontanelle may be present.
Dry or sticky-appearing mucosa may be present.
Rough skin or diarrhea-induced diaper dermatitis may occur.
Depressed sensorium may be seen.
Significantly decreased urine output is an important sign. However, it may be hard to identify this in diapered infants because the massive watery stool output makes it difficult to determine the amount of urine output.
Weight loss can also occur.

Causes

The most significant risk factor for rotavirus infection appears to be participation in group daycare, presumably because the virus is spread through fecal-oral contact by the children themselves and by the daycare workers who are responsible for diapering. Also, fomites serve as important vectors for viral transmission.

Differential Diagnoses

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Media Gallery

Transmission electron micrograph of rotavirus. Image courtesy of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Transmission electron micrograph of intact rotavirus particles, double-shelled. Image courtesy of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Dr. Erskine Palmer.
This electron micrograph reveals a number of RNA rotavirus virions, and a number of unknown, 29nm virion particles. Image courtesy of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

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Author

David D Nguyen, MD, FACEP Clinical Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX

David D Nguyen, MD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, Texas Medical Association, Harris County Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Sally S Henin, MD, FACEP Medical Director, Forensic Nursing Services, Memorial Hermann Health System

Sally S Henin, MD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Writers Association, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, American Professional Society on the Abuse of Children

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Brent R King, MD, MMM Clive, Nancy, and Pierce Runnells Distinguished Professor of Emergency Medicine, Professor of Pediatrics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, Chief of Emergency Services, Memorial Hermann Hospital and LBJ Hospital

Brent R King, MD, MMM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Association for Physician Leadership, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Grace M Young, MD Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland Medical Center

Grace M Young, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Emergency Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Kirsten A Bechtel, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine; Co-Director, Injury Free Coalition for Kids, Yale-New Haven Children's Hospital

Kirsten A Bechtel, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Additional Contributors

Garry Wilkes, MBBS, FACEM Emergency Physician, Echuca Regional Health, Victoria; Clinical Associate Professor, University of Western Australia, Australia

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Sections Rotavirus
Overview
Presentation
- History
- Physical
- Causes
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Medication
Follow-up
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Rotavirus Clinical Presentation

History

Physical

Causes

References

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