Author
Inna Leybell, MD Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, NYU Langone Medical Center
Inna Leybell, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Student Association/Foundation, Phi Beta Kappa
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Coauthor(s)
Stephen W Borron, MD, MS, FAAEM, FACEP, FAACT, FACMT Professor of Emergency Medicine and Medical Toxicology, Division of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Paul L Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center; Associate Medical Director, West Texas Regional Poison Center
Stephen W Borron, MD, MS, FAAEM, FACEP, FAACT, FACMT is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Industrial Hygiene Association, American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, European Association of Poisons Centres and Clinical Toxicologists, American College of Medical Toxicology
Disclosure: Received consulting fee from Meridian Pharmaceuticals for consulting.
Carlos J Roldan, MD, FAAEM, FACEP Professor of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston; Associate Professor of Pain Medicine, Department of Pain Medicine, MD Anderson Cancer Center
Carlos J Roldan, MD, FAAEM, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Pain Society, American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, International Association for the Study of Pain, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Colleen M Rivers, MD Senior Fellow in Medical Toxicology, New York City Poison Control Center, Bellevue Hospital Center
Colleen M Rivers, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Medical Toxicology, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Chief Editor
Michael A Miller, MD Clinical Professor of Emergency Medicine, Medical Toxicologist, Department of Emergency Medicine, Texas A&M Health Sciences Center; CHRISTUS Spohn Emergency Medicine Residency Program
Michael A Miller, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Medical Toxicology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
Frederic J Baud, MD Director, Professor, Toxicological and Medical Intensive Care Unit, Hôpital Lariboisiere of Paris, France
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
John G Benitez, MD, MPH, FACMT, FAACT, FACPM, FAAEM, Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Medical Toxicology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Managing Director, Tennessee Poison Center
John G Benitez, MD, MPH, FACMT, FAACT, FACPM, FAAEM, is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Medical Toxicology, American College of Preventive Medicine, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, and Wilderness Medical Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Robert S Hoffman, MD, FAACT, FACMT Associate Professor, Departments of Emergency Medicine and Medicine, Clinical Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Services, Bellevue and New York University Hospital
Robert S Hoffman, MD, FAACT, FACMT is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Medical Toxicology, American College of Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
David C Lee, MD Research Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Associate Professor, North Shore University Hospital and New York University Medical School
David C Lee, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Medical Toxicology, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Jorge A Martinez, MD, JD Clinical Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Louisiana State University School of Medicine in New Orleans; Clinical Instructor, Department of Surgery, Tulane School of Medicine
Jorge A Martinez, MD, JD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Cardiology, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Physicians, and Louisiana State Medical Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Heather Murphy-Lavoie, MD, FAAEM Assistant Professor, Assistant Residency Director, Emergency Medicine Residency, Associate Program Director, Hyperbaric Medicine Fellowship, Section of Emergency Medicine and Hyperbaric Medicine, Louisiana State University School of Medicine in New Orleans; Clinical Instructor, Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine
Heather Murphy-Lavoie, MD, FAAEM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Lewis S Nelson, MD, FACEP, FAACT, FACMT Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, New York University School of Medicine; Attending Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Bellevue Hospital Center, New York University Medical Center
Lewis S Nelson, MD, FACEP, FAACT, FACMT is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Medical Toxicology, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Andre Pennardt, MD, FACEP, FAAEM, FAWM Clinical Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, Georgia Health Sciences University; Assistant Professor of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, Eisenhower Army Medical Center
Andre Pennardt, MD, FACEP, FAAEM, FAWM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, Association of Military Surgeons of the US, International Society for Mountain Medicine, National Association of EMS Physicians, Special Operations Medical Association, and Wilderness Medical Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Erik D Schraga, MD Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mills-Peninsula Emergency Medical Associates
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference
Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment
John T VanDeVoort, PharmD Regional Director of Pharmacy, Sacred Heart & St. Joseph's Hospitals
John T VanDeVoort, PharmD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Suzanne White, MD Medical Director, Regional Poison Control Center at Children's Hospital, Program Director of Medical Toxicology, Associate Professor, Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine
Suzanne White, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, American College of Epidemiology, American College of Medical Toxicology, American Medical Association, and Michigan State Medical Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
