Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Questions & Answers

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2. Rosebush PI, Mazurek MF. Serum iron and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Lancet. 1991 Jul 20. 338(8760):149-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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6. Sarkar S, Gupta N. Drug information update. Atypical antipsychotics and neuroleptic malignant syndrome: nuances and pragmatics of the association. BJPsych Bull. 2017 Aug. 41 (4):211-216. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

7. Trollor JN, Chen X, Chitty K, Sachdev PS. Comparison of neuroleptic malignant syndrome induced by first- and second-generation antipsychotics. Br J Psychiatry. 2012 Jul. 201(1):52-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Simon LV, Hashmi MF, Callahan AL. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome. 2022 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

9. Paul T, Karam A, Paul T, Loh H, Ferrer GF. A Case Report on Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS): How to Approach an Early Diagnosis. Cureus. 2022 Mar. 14 (3):e23695. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

10. Gurrera RJ, Caroff SN, Cohen A, Carroll BT, DeRoos F, Francis A, et al. An international consensus study of neuroleptic malignant syndrome diagnostic criteria using the Delphi method. J Clin Psychiatry. 2011 Sep. 72(9):1222-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Jauss M, Krack P, Franz M, Klett R, Bauer R, Gallhofer B, et al. Imaging of dopamine receptors with [123I]iodobenzamide single-photon emission-computed tomography in neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Mov Disord. 1996 Nov. 11(6):726-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Gurrera RJ. Sympathoadrenal hyperactivity and the etiology of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 1999 Feb. 156(2):169-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Ortiz JF, Wirth M, Eskander N, Cozar JC, Fatade O, Rathod B. The Genetic Foundations of Serotonin Syndrome, Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome, and Malignant Hyperthermia: Is There a Genetic Association Between These Disorders?. Cureus. 2020 Sep 24. 12 (9):e10635. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

14. Ehara H, Maegaki Y, Takeshita K. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and methylphenidate. Pediatr Neurol. 1998 Oct. 19(4):299-301. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Keck PE Jr, Pope HG Jr, Cohen BM, McElroy SL, Nierenberg AA. Risk factors for neuroleptic malignant syndrome. A case-control study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1989 Oct. 46(10):914-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Paparrigopoulos T, Tzavellas E, Ferentinos P, Mourikis I, Liappas J. Catatonia as a risk factor for the development of neuroleptic malignant syndrome: report of a case following treatment with clozapine. World J Biol Psychiatry. 2009. 10(1):70-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Sachdev P, Mason C, Hadzi-Pavlovic D. Case-control study of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 1997 Aug. 154(8):1156-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Alexander PJ, Thomas RM, Das A. Is risk of neuroleptic malignant syndrome increased in the postpartum period?. J Clin Psychiatry. 1998 May. 59(5):254-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Otani K, Horiuchi M, Kondo T, Kaneko S, Fukushima Y. Is the predisposition to neuroleptic malignant syndrome genetically transmitted?. Br J Psychiatry. 1991 Jun. 158:850-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Rosebush PI, Stewart TD, Gelenberg AJ. Twenty neuroleptic rechallenges after neuroleptic malignant syndrome in 15 patients. J Clin Psychiatry. 1989 Aug. 50(8):295-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Berman BD. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a review for neurohospitalists. Neurohospitalist. 2011 Jan. 1 (1):41-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

22. Manu P, Sarpal D, Muir O, Kane JM, Correll CU. When can patients with potentially life-threatening adverse effects be rechallenged with clozapine? A systematic review of the published literature. Schizophr Res. 2012 Feb. 134(2-3):180-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

23. Gelenberg AJ, Bellinghausen B, Wojcik JD, Falk WE, Sachs GS. A prospective survey of neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a short-term psychiatric hospital. Am J Psychiatry. 1988 Apr. 145(4):517-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Strawn JR, Keck PE Jr, Caroff SN. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Jun. 164(6):870-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Deng MZ, Chen GQ, Phillips MR. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in 12 of 9,792 Chinese inpatients exposed to neuroleptics: a prospective study. Am J Psychiatry. 1990 Sep. 147(9):1149-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Chopra MP, Prakash SS, Raguram R. The neuroleptic malignant syndrome: an Indian experience. Compr Psychiatry. 1999 Jan-Feb. 40(1):19-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Lazarus A. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Hosp Community Psychiatry. 1989 Dec. 40(12):1229-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Henderson T. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in adolescents: four probable cases in the Western Cape. S Afr Med J. 2011 May 25. 101(6):405-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Gurrera RJ. A systematic review of sex and age factors in neuroleptic malignant syndrome diagnosis frequency. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2017 May. 135 (5):398-408. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Croarkin PE, Emslie GJ, Mayes TL. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with atypical antipsychotics in pediatric patients: a review of published cases. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Jul. 69(7):1157-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Modi S, Dharaiya D, Schultz L, Varelas P. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome: Complications, Outcomes, and Mortality. Neurocrit Care. 2016 Feb. 24 (1):97-103. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Rani FA, Byrne P, Cranswick N, Murray ML, Wong IC. Mortality in children and adolescents prescribed antipsychotic medication: a retrospective cohort study using the UK general practice research database. Drug Saf. 2011 Sep 1. 34(9):773-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Picard LS, Lindsay S, Strawn JR, Kaneria RM, Patel NC, Keck PE Jr. Atypical neuroleptic malignant syndrome: diagnostic controversies and considerations. Pharmacotherapy. 2008 Apr. 28(4):530-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Dolp R, Ansari MA, Chan M, Hassan T. A 'benign' extrapyramidal side effect masking a life-threatening neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Pak J Med Sci. 2020 Sep-Oct. 36 (6):1429-1432. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

35. Oomura M, Terai T, Sueyoshi K, Shigeno K. Reversible cardiomyopathy as the autonomic involvement of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Intern Med. 2004 Dec. 43(12):1162-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Newman EJ, Grosset DG, Kennedy PG. The parkinsonism-hyperpyrexia syndrome. Neurocrit Care. 2009. 10(1):136-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Ward C. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a patient with Parkinson's disease: a case study. J Neurosci Nurs. 2005 Jun. 37(3):160-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Osman AA, Khurasani MH. Lethal catatonia and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. A dopamine receptor shut-down hypothesis. Br J Psychiatry. 1994 Oct. 165(4):548-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Martin TG. Serotonin syndrome. Ann Emerg Med. 1996 Nov. 28(5):520-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Dosi R, Ambaliya A, Joshi H, Patell R. Serotonin syndrome versus neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a challenging clinical quandary. BMJ Case Rep. 2014 Jun 23. 2014:[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Perry PJ, Wilborn CA. Serotonin syndrome vs neuroleptic malignant syndrome: a contrast of causes, diagnoses, and management. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2012 May. 24(2):155-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Odagaki Y. Atypical neuroleptic malignant syndrome or serotonin toxicity associated with atypical antipsychotics?. Curr Drug Saf. 2009 Jan. 4(1):84-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Heiman-Patterson TD. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome and malignant hyperthermia. Important issues for the medical consultant. Med Clin North Am. 1993 Mar. 77(2):477-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Vörös V, Osváth P, Fekete S, Tényi T. [Antipsychotics and rhabdomyolysis. Differential diagnosis and clinical significance of elevated serum creatine kinase levels in psychiatric practice]. Psychiatr Hung. 2009. 24(3):175-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Schneider SM. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome: controversies in treatment. Am J Emerg Med. 1991 Jul. 9(4):360-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Addonizio G, Susman VL. ECT as a treatment alternative for patients with symptoms of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. J Clin Psychiatry. 1987 Mar. 48(3):102-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Shoirah H, Hamoda HM. Electroconvulsive therapy in children and adolescents. Expert Rev Neurother. 2011 Jan. 11(1):127-37. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Morcos N, Rosinski A, Maixner DF. Electroconvulsive Therapy for Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome: A Case Series. J ECT. 2019 Dec. 35 (4):225-230. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Ozer F, Meral H, Aydin B, Hanoglu L, Aydemir T, Oral T. Electroconvulsive therapy in drug-induced psychiatric states and neuroleptic malignant syndrome. J ECT. 2005 Jun. 21(2):125-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Hermesh H, Aizenberg D, Weizman A. A successful electroconvulsive treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1987 Mar. 75(3):237-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Reulbach U, Dütsch C, Biermann T, Sperling W, Thuerauf N, Kornhuber J, et al. Managing an effective treatment for neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Crit Care. 2007. 11(1):R4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

52. Rosebush PI, Stewart T, Mazurek MF. The treatment of neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Are dantrolene and bromocriptine useful adjuncts to supportive care?. Br J Psychiatry. 1991 Nov. 159:709-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Sakkas P, Davis JM, Janicak PG, Wang ZY. Drug treatment of the neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Psychopharmacol Bull. 1991. 27(3):381-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Simon LV, Callahan AL. Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome. 2018 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

Theodore I Benzer, MD, PhD Assistant Professor in Medicine, Harvard Medical School; Director of the ED Observation Unit, Director of Toxicology, Chair of Quality and Safety, Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital

Theodore I Benzer, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Emergency Physicians

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Gil Z Shlamovitz, MD, FACEP Professor of Clinical Emergency Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California; Chief Medical Information Officer, Keck Medicine of USC

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Asim Tarabar, MD Assistant Professor, Director, Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale-New Haven Hospital

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Iqbal Ahmed, MBBS, FRCPsych (UK) Faculty, Department of Psychiatry, Tripler Army Medical Center; Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences; Clinical Professor of Psychiatry, Clinical Professor of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, John A Burns School of Medicine

Iqbal Ahmed, MBBS, FRCPsych (UK) is a member of the following medical societies: Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine, American Association for Geriatric Psychiatry, American Neuropsychiatric Association, American Psychiatric Association, American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology, and Royal College of Psychiatrists

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G Patricia Cantwell, MD, FCCM Professor of Clinical Pediatrics, Chief, Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Miami, Leonard M Miller School of Medicine; Medical Director, Palliative Care Team, Director, Pediatric Critical Care Transport, Holtz Children's Hospital, Jackson Memorial Medical Center; Medical Manager, FEMA, Urban Search and Rescue, South Florida, Task Force 2; Pediatric Medical Director, Tilli Kids – Pediatric Initiative, Division of Hospice Care Southeast Florida, Inc

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Timothy E Corden, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Co-Director, Policy Core, Injury Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin; Associate Director, PICU, Children's Hospital of Wisconsin

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Girish G Deshpande, MD, MBBS, FAAP Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Interim Director and Division Chief of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria; Consulting Staff, Division of Critical Care Medicine, Children's Hospital of Illinois at OSF St Francis Medical Center

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Barry J Evans, MD Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Temple University Medical School; Director of Pediatric Critical Care and Pulmonology, Associate Chair for Pediatric Education, Temple University Children's Medical Center

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Alan D Schmetzer, MD Professor Emeritus, Interim Chairman, Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine; Addiction Psychiatrist, Roudebush VA Medical Center

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Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

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