Carbon Monoxide Toxicity Questions & Answers

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8. Beppu T. The role of MR imaging in assessment of brain damage from carbon monoxide poisoning: a review of the literature. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014 Apr. 35 (4):625-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

9. Suner S, Jay G. Carbon monoxide has direct toxicity on the myocardium distinct from effects of hypoxia in an ex vivo rat heart model. Acad Emerg Med. 2008 Jan. 15(1):59-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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13. Unintentional non-fire-related carbon monoxide exposures--United States, 2001-2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005 Jan 21. 54(2):36-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

14. Sircar K, Clower J, Shin MK, Bailey C, King M, Yip F. Carbon monoxide poisoning deaths in the United States, 1999 to 2012. Am J Emerg Med. 2015 Sep. 33 (9):1140-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Gummin DD, Mowry JB, Beuhler MC, Spyker DA, Rivers LJ, Feldman R, et al. 2021 Annual Report of the National Poison Data System(©) (NPDS) from America's Poison Centers: 39th Annual Report. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2022 Dec. 60 (12):1381-1643. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

16. Mattiuzzi C, Lippi G. Worldwide epidemiology of carbon monoxide poisoning. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2020 Apr. 39 (4):387-392. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Routley VH, Ozanne-Smith J. The impact of catalytic converters on motor vehicle exhaust gas suicides. Med J Aust. 1998 Jan 19. 168(2):65-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. QuickStats: Average Annual Number of Deaths and Death Rates from Unintentional, Non–Fire-Related Carbon Monoxide Poisoning,*† by Sex and Age Group — United States, 1999–2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6303a6.htm?s_cid=mm6303a6_e. January 24, 2014; Accessed: January 21,2023.

19. Wrenn K, Conners GP. Carbon monoxide poisoning during ice storms: a tale of two cities. J Emerg Med. 1997 Jul-Aug. 15(4):465-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Hurricane Florence—Clinical Guidance For Carbon Monoxide (CO) Poisoning. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00415.asp. September 16, 2018; Accessed: January 21, 2023.

21. Carbon monoxide poisonings after two major hurricanes--Alabama and Texas, August-October 2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006 Mar 10. 55(9):236-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Notes from the field: carbon monoxide exposures reported to poison centers and related to hurricane Sandy - Northeastern United States, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012 Nov 9. 61 (44):905. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

23. Falise AM, Griffin I, Fernandez D, Rodriguez X, Moore E, Barrera A, et al. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning in Miami-Dade County Following Hurricane Irma in 2017. Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2018 Jul 17. 1-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Akcan Yildiz L, Gultekingil A, Kesici S, Bayrakci B, Teksam O. Predictors of Severe Clinical Course in Children With Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2021 Jun 1. 37 (6):308-311. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Hampson NB. Noninvasive pulse CO-oximetry expedites evaluation and management of patients with carbon monoxide poisoning. Am J Emerg Med. 2012 May 23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. [Guideline] American College of Emergency Physicians Clinical Policies Subcommittee (Writing Committee) on Carbon Monoxide Poisoning:., Wolf SJ, Maloney GE, Shih RD, Shy BD, Brown MD. Clinical Policy: Critical Issues in the Evaluation and Management of Adult Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department With Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. Ann Emerg Med. 2017 Jan. 69 (1):98-107.e6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

27. Perrone J, Hoffman RS. Falsely elevated carboxyhemoglobin levels secondary to fetal hemoglobin. Acad Emerg Med. 1996 Mar. 3(3):287-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Cha YS, Kim H, Hwang SO, Kim JY, Kim YK, Choi EH, et al. Incidence and patterns of cardiomyopathy in carbon monoxide-poisoned patients with myocardial injury. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2016 Apr 11. 1-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Henry CR, Satran D, Lindgren B, Adkinson C, Nicholson CI, Henry TD. Myocardial injury and long-term mortality following moderate to severe carbon monoxide poisoning. JAMA. 2006 Jan 25. 295(4):398-402. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Damlapinar R, Arikan FI, Sahin S, Dallar Y. Lactate Level Is More Significant Than Carboxihemoglobin Level in Determining Prognosis of Carbon Monoxide Intoxication of Childhood. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2015 Jul 14. 37 (1):1-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Dogan N, Savrun A, Levent S, Günaydin G, Celik G, Akküçük H, et al. Can initial lactate levels predict the severity of unintentional carbon monoxide poisoning?. Hum Exp Toxicol. 2014 Jun 27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Jung JW, Lee JH. Serum lactate as a predictor of neurologic outcome in emergency department patients with acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Am J Emerg Med. 2018 Jul 24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Jones JS, Lagasse J, Zimmerman G. Computed tomographic findings after acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Am J Emerg Med. 1994 Jul. 12(4):448-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. So GM, Kosofsky BE, Southern JF. Acute hydrocephalus following carbon monoxide poisoning. Pediatr Neurol. 1997 Oct. 17(3):270-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Inagaki T, Ishino H, Seno H, Umegae N, Aoyama T. A long-term follow-up study of serial magnetic resonance images in patients with delayed encephalopathy after acute carbon monoxide poisoning. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 1997 Dec. 51(6):421-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Bozeman WP, Myers RA, Barish RA. Confirmation of the pulse oximetry gap in carbon monoxide poisoning. Ann Emerg Med. 1997 Nov. 30(5):608-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Roth D, Mayer J, Schreiber W, Herkner H, Laggner AN. Acute carbon monoxide poisoning treatment by non-invasive CPAP-ventilation, and by reservoir face mask: Two simultaneous cases. Am J Emerg Med. 2018 Sep. 36 (9):1718.e5-1718.e6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Buboltz JB, Robins M. Hyperbaric Treatment Of Carbon Monoxide Toxicity. 2022 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

39. Chin W, Jacoby L, Simon O, Talati N, Wegrzyn G, Jacoby R, et al. Hyperbaric programs in the United States: Locations and capabilities of treating decompression sickness, arterial gas embolisms, and acute carbon monoxide poisoning: survey results. Undersea Hyperb Med. 2016 Jan-Feb. 43 (1):29-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Buckley NA, Isbister GK, Stokes B, Juurlink DN. Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning : a systematic review and critical analysis of the evidence. Toxicol Rev. 2005. 24(2):75-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Buckley NA, Juurlink DN, Isbister G, Bennett MH, Lavonas EJ. Hyperbaric oxygen for carbon monoxide poisoning. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Apr 13. 4:CD002041. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Han S, Nah S, Choi S, Lee YH, Kim GW, Cho YS. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Did Not Prevent Delayed Neuropsychiatric Sequelae in a Prospective Observational Study With Propensity Score Matching in 224 Patients With Acute Carbon Monoxide Toxicity. J Emerg Med. 2020 Dec 6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Nakajima M, Aso S, Matsui H, Fushimi K, Yasunaga H. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy and mortality from carbon monoxide poisoning: A nationwide observational study. Am J Emerg Med. 2020 Feb. 38 (2):225-230. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Rose JJ, Nouraie M, Gauthier MC, Pizon AF, Saul MI, Donahoe MP, et al. Clinical Outcomes and Mortality Impact of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy in Patients With Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. Crit Care Med. 2018 Jul. 46 (7):e649-e655. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Huang CC, Ho CH, Chen YC, Lin HJ, Hsu CC, Wang JJ, et al. Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy Is Associated With Lower Short- and Long-Term Mortality in Patients With Carbon Monoxide Poisoning. Chest. 2017 Nov. 152 (5):943-953. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Turner M, Esaw M, Clark RJ. Carbon monoxide poisoning treated with hyperbaric oxygen: metabolic acidosis as a predictor of treatment requirements. J Accid Emerg Med. 1999 Mar. 16 (2):96-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Sloan EP, Murphy DG, Hart R, Cooper MA, Turnbull T, Barreca RS, et al. Complications and protocol considerations in carbon monoxide-poisoned patients who require hyperbaric oxygen therapy: report from a ten-year experience. Ann Emerg Med. 1989 Jun. 18 (6):629-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Lai CY, Huang YW, Tseng CH, Lin CL, Sung FC, Kao CH. Patients With Carbon Monoxide Poisoning and Subsequent Dementia: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Jan. 95 (1):e2418. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Lai CY, Chou MC, Lin CL, Kao CH. Increased risk of Parkinson disease in patients with carbon monoxide intoxication: a population-based cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015 May. 94 (19):e869. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Christensen GM, Creswell PD, Theobald J, Meiman JG. Carbon monoxide detector effectiveness in reducing poisoning, Wisconsin 2014-2016. Clin Toxicol (Phila). 2020 Dec. 58 (12):1335-1341. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Krenzelok EP, Roth R, Full R. Carbon monoxide ... the silent killer with an audible solution. Am J Emerg Med. 1996 Sep. 14(5):484-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Cho Y, Kang H, Oh J, Lim TH, Ryu J, Ko BS. Risk of Venous Thromboembolism After Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. Ann Emerg Med. 2020 May. 75 (5):587-596. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Hampson NB, Piantadosi CA, Thom SR, Weaver LK. Practice recommendations in the diagnosis, management, and prevention of carbon monoxide poisoning. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 Dec 1. 186(11):1095-101. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Guy N Shochat, MD Associate Clinical Professor of Emergency Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine

Guy N Shochat, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael Lucchesi, MD Chair, Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center

Michael Lucchesi, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John T VanDeVoort, PharmD Regional Director of Pharmacy, Sacred Heart and St Joseph's Hospitals

John T VanDeVoort, PharmD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John G Benitez, MD, MPH Associate Professor, Department of Medicine, Medical Toxicology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Managing Director, Tennessee Poison Center

John G Benitez, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Medical Toxicology, American College of Preventive Medicine, Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society, Wilderness Medical Society, American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Gil Z Shlamovitz, MD, FACEP Professor of Clinical Emergency Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California; Chief Medical Information Officer, Keck Medicine of USC

Gil Z Shlamovitz, MD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Peter MC DeBlieux, MD Professor of Clinical Medicine and Pediatrics, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Program Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Louisiana State University School of Medicine in New Orleans

Peter MC DeBlieux, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, Radiological Society of North America, Society of Critical Care Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Asim Tarabar, MD Assistant Professor, Director, Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, Yale-New Haven Hospital

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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