Medication Summary

The goal of therapy is to reduce inflammation and prevent complications.

Class Summary

Most commonly are used for the relief of mild-to-moderate pain. Although the effects of NSAIDs in the treatment of pain tend to be patient specific, ibuprofen usually is the DOC for the initial therapy. Other options include flurbiprofen, ketoprofen, and naproxen.

Flurbiprofen

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May inhibit cyclo-oxygenase enzyme, which in turn inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis. These effects may result in analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities.

Ketoprofen (Active-Ketoprofen)

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For relief of mild to moderate pain and inflammation. Small dosages initially are indicated in small and elderly patients and in those with renal or liver disease.

Doses over 75 mg do not increase therapeutic effects. Administer high doses with caution and closely observe patient for response.

Ibuprofen (I-prin, Advil, Motrin, Caldolor)

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Usually the DOC for the treatment of mild-to-moderate pain if no contraindications exist.

Inhibits inflammatory reactions and pain, probably by decreasing the activity of cyclooxygenase enzyme, which results in the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.

Taking medication with at least 4 oz of water may minimize adverse effects.

Naproxen (Anaprox, Naprelan, Naprosyn, Aleve, Mediproxen)

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Used for the relief of mild-to-moderate pain; inhibits inflammatory reactions and pain by decreasing activity of cyclooxygenase enzyme, which results in a decrease of prostaglandin synthesis. Inexpensive and effective.

Meloxicam (Mobic, Vivlodex)

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Meloxicam decreases COX activity, and this, in turn, inhibits prostaglandin synthesis. These effects decrease the formation of inflammatory mediators.

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Media Gallery

Carpal tunnel syndrome. Carpal and Guyon tunnels. Drawing showing the proximal level of the carpal tunnel delimited by the pisiform (P) and the scaphoid (S). The flexor retinaculum (medium gray region) forms the roof of the carpal tunnel and the floor of the Guyon tunnel. The palmar carpal ligament (dark gray region) forms the volar boundary of the Guyon tunnel. * = flexor pollicis longus tendon, * = flexor carpi radialis tendon. From Martinoli C, Bianchi S, et al. US of nerve entrapments in osteofibrous tunnels of the upper and lower limbs. Radiographics 2000; 20:S199-S217. Used by permission of the authors and RSNA.
Carpal tunnel syndrome. Carpal and Guyon tunnels. Transverse 5-12-MHz ultrasound scan corresponding to the image above shows the proximal level of the carpal tunnel delimited by the pisiform (P) and the scaphoid (S). The flexor tendons and median nerve (MN) extend through the carpal tunnel, with the nerve lying palmar and radial. The flexor retinaculum (open arrowheads) forms the roof of the carpal tunnel and the floor of the Guyon tunnel. At the level of the pisiform, the ulnar nerve (U) courses medial to the ulnar artery (solid arrowhead) within the Guyon tunnel. * = flexor pollicis longus tendon. From Martinoli C, Bianchi S, et al. US of nerve entrapments in osteofibrous tunnels of the upper and lower limbs. Radiographics 2000; 20:S199-S217. Used by permission of the authors and RSNA.
Carpal tunnel syndrome. Carpal and Guyon tunnels. Drawing showing the distal level of the carpal tunnel delimited by the hook of the hamate (H) and the tubercle of the trapezium (T). The flexor retinaculum (medium gray region) forms the roof of the carpal tunnel. From Martinoli C, Bianchi S, et al. US of nerve entrapments in osteofibrous tunnels of the upper and lower limbs. Radiographics 2000; 20:S199-S217. Used by permission of the authors and RSNA.
Carpal tunnel syndrome. Carpal and Guyon tunnels. Transverse 5-12-MHz ultrasound scan corresponding to the image above shows the distal level of the carpal tunnel delimited by the hook of the hamate (H) and the tubercle of the trapezium (T). The flexor retinaculum (open arrowheads) forms the roof of the carpal tunnel. The flexor tendons and median nerve (MN) extend through the carpal tunnel, with the nerve lying palmar and radial. At the level of the pisiform, the ulnar nerve courses medial to the ulnar artery (solid arrowhead) within the Guyon tunnel. At the level of the hamate, the ulnar nerve divides into two terminal branches, a deep motor branch (curved arrow) and a superficial sensory branch (straight arrow). From Martinoli C, Bianchi S, et al. US of nerve entrapments in osteofibrous tunnels of the upper and lower limbs. * = flexor pollicis longus tendon. Radiographics 2000; 20:S199-S217. Used by permission of the authors and RSNA.
Carpal tunnel syndrome. Normal findings on an axial spin-echo T1 MRI of the carpal tunnel showing the intermediate signal intensity of the median nerve (arrow).
Carpal tunnel syndrome. Normal findings of isointense-to-hypointense appearance of the median nerve on fast spin-echo T2-weighted MRI (arrow). Note the fairly well-defined nerve fascicles within the median nerve sheath.
Carpal tunnel syndrome. Axial fast spin-echo T2-weighted MRI with fat saturation. Note the increased T2-weighted signal within the median nerve (arrow). A slightly increased cross sectional area of the nerve is noted but the nerve architecture is preserved, consistent with early or mild inflammation.
Carpal tunnel syndrome. Fast spin-echo T2-weighted MRI illustrates more pronounced increased signal within the median nerve (arrow). Note the small amount of fluid within the carpal tunnel, a secondary sign of inflammation. Slightly less optimal fat saturation is noted than on other images, which is a common occurrence.
Carpal tunnel syndrome. Axial fast spin-echo T2-weighted MRI with greater increase in signal and loss of definition within the nerve (arrow). Inflammatory change is noted within the carpal tunnel, adjacent to the flexor digitorum superficialis tendons. The appearance is consistent with pronounced inflammatory change within the carpal tunnel.

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Author

Jonathan E Dangers, MD, MPH Assistant Professor, Associate Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine

Jonathan E Dangers, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Jeffrey G Norvell, MD, MBA, RDMS Associate Professor, Program Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center

Jeffrey G Norvell, MD, MBA, RDMS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mark Steele, MD Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Chief Medical Officer, Truman Medical Center, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine

Mark Steele, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Eric L Legome, MD Professor and Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Sinai St Lukes and Mount Sinai West; Vice Chair of Academic Affairs, Department of Emergency Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai

Eric L Legome, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma, New York American College of Emergency Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Trevor John Mills, MD, MPH Chief of Emergency Medicine, Veterans Affairs Northern California Health Care System; Professor of Emergency Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine

Trevor John Mills, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Sections Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in Emergency Medicine
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References

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in Emergency Medicine Medication

Medication Summary

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents