Knee Dislocation Treatment & Management: Prehospital Care, Emergency Department Care, Consultations

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Knee Dislocation

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Treatment

Prehospital Care

Prehospital personnel should splint the extremity and provide rapid transport to a medical facility.

Perform field reduction for patients with evidence of vascular compromise.

Emergency Department Care

Do not delay reduction in limbs with obvious vascular impairment. Only patients with good peripheral pulses should undergo prereduction radiographs. Reduction is straightforward and often easily accomplished in the ED. After adequate sedation, longitudinal traction will relocate the majority of knee dislocations. Prereduction and postreduction photos of a lateral knee dislocation are shown in the images below.

Lateral knee dislocation (before reduction).

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Lateral knee dislocation after reduction.

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Posterolateral dislocations are particularly difficult and often require operative reduction. This is especially true when the medial femoral condyle button-holes through the medial aspect of the joint capsule and/or MCL — an occurrence that is often accompanied by a "dimple sign" overlying the medial aspect of the knee.

After reduction, splint the lower extremity in approximately 20 degrees of flexion to avoid postreduction re-dislocation, apply ice, and keep the knee elevated. Postreduction radiographs should be obtained, preferably before further ligamentous stressing/assessment.

Postreduction hard signs of arterial injury should prompt emergent vascular surgical intervention that should not be delayed for arteriography. In this setting, arteriograms may indeed be contributory to the surgical decision matrix but can be performed in the operating room by the vascular surgeon with less contrast administration than traditional arteriography tends to use.

All reduced knee dislocations without hard signs of arterial injury should be assessed with ABI/API measurements. Any reading of less than 0.90 should prompt further imaging (ie, arteriography vs CT angiography vs duplex sonography), which should be decided upon in conjunction with the vascular consult.

All knee dislocations, regardless of emergent revascularization needs, should be admitted for serial perfusion checks.

Consultations

Always consult both orthopedic and vascular surgeons. Many patients have significant vascular injury requiring surgical revascularization, and all patients will at least require admission for serial vascular checks and further surgical stabilization consideration.

Medication

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Media Gallery

Types of knee dislocation.
Posterior knee dislocation.
Lateral knee dislocation (before reduction).
Open knee dislocation.
Lateral knee dislocation after reduction.

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Author

H Brendan Kelleher, MD Assistant Professor of Clinical Emergency Medicine, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine; Assistant Residency Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Southern California Los Angeles County Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Diku Mandavia, MD, FACEP, FRCPC Attending Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center; Clinical Associate Professor of Emergency Medicine, Los Angeles County-USC Medical Center; Co-Editor, Color Atlas of Emergency Trauma

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Chief Editor

Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD, FACEP Professor of Emergency Medicine, Professor of Internal Medicine, Program Director for Emergency Medicine, Sanz Laniado Medical Center, Netanya, Israel

Barry E Brenner, MD, PhD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Physicians, American Heart Association, American Thoracic Society, New York Academy of Medicine, New York Academy of Sciences, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Additional Contributors

James E Keany, MD, FACEP Associate Medical Director, Emergency Services, Mission Hospital Regional Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Orange County at Mission

James E Keany, MD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Sports Medicine, California Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Tom Scaletta, MD President, Smart-ER (http://smart-er.net); Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, Edward Hospital; Past-President, American Academy of Emergency Medicine

Tom Scaletta, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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