Cayton CG, Nassoura ZE. Abdomen. Ivatury RR, Cayton CG. Textbook of Penetrating Trauma. Chap 24. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1996. 281-99.
Lee WC, Uddo JF Jr, Nance FC. Surgical judgment in the management of abdominal stab wounds. Utilizing clinical criteria from a 10-year experience. Ann Surg. 1984 May. 199(5):549-54. [Medline].
Shaftan GW. Indications for operation in abdominal trauma. Am J Surg. 1960 May. 99:657-64. [Medline].
Sanei B, Mahmoudieh M, Talebzadeh H, Shahabi Shahmiri S, Aghaei Z. Do patients with penetrating abdominal stab wounds require laparotomy?. Arch Trauma Res. 2013 Spring. 2(1):21-5. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Paydar S, Salahi R, Izadifard F, Jaafari Z, Abbasi HR, Eshraghian A, et al. Comparison of conservative management and laparotomy in the management of stable patients with abdominal stab wound. Am J Emerg Med. 2011 Nov 17. [Medline].
Berardoni NE, Kopelman TR, O'Neill PJ, August DL, Vail SJ, Pieri PG, et al. Use of computed tomography in the initial evaluation of anterior abdominal stab wounds. Am J Surg. 2011 Dec. 202(6):690-6. [Medline].
Feliciano DV, Bitondo CG, Steed G, Mattox KL, Burch JM, Jordan GL Jr. Five hundred open taps or lavages in patients with abdominal stab wounds. Am J Surg. 1984 Dec. 148(6):772-7. [Medline].
Cothren CC, Moore EE, Warren FA, Kashuk JL, Biffl WL, Johnson JL. Local wound exploration remains a valuable triage tool for the evaluation of anterior abdominal stab wounds. Am J Surg. 2009 Aug. 198(2):223-6. [Medline].
Leppäniemi AK, Voutilainen PE, Haapiainen RK. Indications for early mandatory laparotomy in abdominal stab wounds. Br J Surg. 1999 Jan. 86(1):76-80. [Medline].
Biffl WL, Kaups KL, Cothren CC, Brasel KJ, Dicker RA, Bullard MK. Management of patients with anterior abdominal stab wounds: a Western Trauma Association multicenter trial. J Trauma. 2009 May. 66(5):1294-301. [Medline].
Markovchick VJ, Moore EE, Moore J, Rosen P. Local wound exploration of anterior abdominal stab wounds. J Emerg Med. 1985. 2(4):287-91. [Medline].
Thal ER. Evaluation of peritoneal lavage and local exploration in lower chest and abdominal stab wounds. J Trauma. 1977 Aug. 17(8):642-8. [Medline].
Sugrue M, Balogh Z, Lynch J, Bardsley J, Sisson G, Weigelt J. Guidelines for the management of haemodynamically stable patients with stab wounds to the anterior abdomen. ANZ J Surg. 2007 Aug. 77(8):614-20. [Medline].
Barry P, Shakeshaft J, Studd R. Abdominal Injuries. Sherry E, Templeton J, Trieu L, eds. Trauma. New York: Oxford University; 2003. 213-26.
Thal ER. Commentary. Ivatury RR, Cayton CG, eds. Textbook of Penetrating Trauma. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1996. 307-8.
Oreskovich MR, Carrico CJ. Stab wounds of the anterior abdomen. Analysis of a management plan using local wound exploration and quantitative peritoneal lavage. Ann Surg. 1983 Oct. 198(4):411-9. [Medline].
Burnweit CA, Thal ER. Significance of omental evisceration in abdominal stab wounds. Am J Surg. 1986 Dec. 152(6):670-3. [Medline].
Nagy K, Roberts R, Joseph K, An G, Barrett J. Evisceration after abdominal stab wounds: is laparotomy required?. J Trauma. 1999 Oct. 47(4):622-4; discussion 624-6. [Medline].
Nicholson K, Inaba K, Skiada D, Okoye O, Lam L, Grabo D, et al. Management of patients with evisceration after abdominal stab wounds. Am Surg. 2014 Oct. 80(10):984-8. [Medline].
Demetriades D, Rabinowitz B. Indications for operation in abdominal stab wounds. A prospective study of 651 patients. Ann Surg. 1987 Feb. 205(2):129-32. [Medline].
Arikan S, Kocakusak A, Yucel AF, Adas G. A prospective comparison of the selective observation and routine exploration methods for penetrating abdominal stab wounds with organ or omentum evisceration. J Trauma. 2005 Mar. 58(3):526-32. [Medline].
Como JJ, Bokhari F, Chiu WC, Duane TM, Holevar MR, Tandoh MA. Practice management guidelines for selective nonoperative management of penetrating abdominal trauma. J Trauma. 2010 Mar. 68(3):721-33. [Medline].
Bautz PC. Management of stab wounds in South Africa. ANZ J Surg. 2007 Aug. 77(8):611-2. [Medline].
Jansen JO, Inaba K, Rizoli SB, Boffard KD, Demetriades D. Selective non-operative management of penetrating abdominal injury in Great Britain and Ireland: Survey of practice. Injury. 2011 Apr 27. [Medline].
Rezende-Neto JB, Vieira HM Jr, Rodrigues Bde L, Rizoli S, Nascimento B, Fraga GP. Management of stab wounds to the anterior abdominal wall. Rev Col Bras Cir. 2014 Jan-Feb. 41(1):75-9. [Medline].
Rosemurgy AS 2nd, Albrink MH, Olson SM, Sherman H, Albertini J, Kramer R. Abdominal stab wound protocol: prospective study documents applicability for widespread use. Am Surg. 1995 Feb. 61(2):112-6. [Medline].
Thompson JS, Moore EE, Van Duzer-Moore S, Moore JB, Galloway AC. The evolution of abdominal stab wound management. J Trauma. 1980 Jun. 20(6):478-84. [Medline].
American College of Surgeons. Abdominal Trauma. Advanced Trauma Life Support for Doctors: Student Course Manual. 6th ed. Chicago Ill: American College of Surgeons; 1997. 167.
Gonzalez RP, Turk B, Falimirski ME, Holevar MR. Abdominal stab wounds: diagnostic peritoneal lavage criteria for emergency room discharge. J Trauma. 2001 Nov. 51(5):939-43. [Medline].
Wilson RF, Walt AJ. General Considerations in Abdominal Trauma. Wilson RF, Walt AJ, eds. Management of Trauma: Pitfalls and Practice. 2nd ed. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1996. 411-31/20.
Thacker LK, Parks J, Thal ER. Diagnostic peritoneal lavage: is 100,000 RBCs a valid figure for penetrating abdominal trauma?. J Trauma. 2007 Apr. 62(4):853-7. [Medline].
Nagy KK, Roberts RR, Joseph KT, Smith RF, An GC, Bokhari F. Experience with over 2500 diagnostic peritoneal lavages. Injury. 2000 Sep. 31(7):479-82. [Medline].
Cha JY, Kashuk JL, Sarin EL, Cothren CC, Johnson JL, Biffl WL. Diagnostic peritoneal lavage remains a valuable adjunct to modern imaging techniques. J Trauma. 2009 Aug. 67(2):330-4; discussion 334-6. [Medline].
Enderson BL, Maull KI. Missed injuries. The trauma surgeon's nemesis. Surg Clin North Am. 1991 Apr. 71(2):399-418. [Medline].
Bull JC Jr, Mathewson C Jr. Exploratory laparotomy in patients with penetrating wounds of the abdomen. Am J Surg. 1968 Aug. 116(2):223-8. [Medline].
Alzamel HA, Cohn SM. When is it safe to discharge asymptomatic patients with abdominal stab wounds?. J Trauma. 2005 Mar. 58(3):523-5. [Medline].
Tsikitis V, Biffl WL, Majercik S, Harrington DT, Cioffi WG. Selective clinical management of anterior abdominal stab wounds. Am J Surg. 2004 Dec. 188(6):807-12. [Medline].
Navsaria PH, Berli JU, Edu S, Nicol AJ. Non-operative management of abdominal stab wounds--an analysis of 186 patients. S Afr J Surg. 2007 Nov. 45(4):128-30, 132. [Medline].
Clarke DL, Allorto NL, Thomson SR. An audit of failed non-operative management of abdominal stab wounds. Injury. 2010 May. 41(5):488-91. [Medline].
Martin RR, Burch JM, Richardson R, Mattox KL. Outcome for delayed operation of penetrating colon injuries. J Trauma. 1991 Dec. 31(12):1591-5. [Medline].
Plackett TP, Fleurat J, Putty B, Demetriades D, Plurad D. Selective nonoperative management of anterior abdominal stab wounds: 1992-2008. J Trauma. 2011 Feb. 70(2):408-13; discussion 413-4. [Medline].
Kindel T, Latchana N, Swaroop M, Chaudhry UI, Noria SF, Choron RL, et al. Laparoscopy in trauma: An overview of complications and related topics. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2015 Jul-Sep. 5 (3):196-205. [Medline].
Weinberg JA, Magnotti LJ, Edwards NM, Claridge JA, Minard G, Fabian TC. "Awake" laparoscopy for the evaluation of equivocal penetrating abdominal wounds. Injury. 2007 Jan. 38(1):60-4. [Medline].
Matsevych OY, Koto MZ, Motilall SR, Kumar N. The role of laparoscopy in management of stable patients with penetrating abdominal trauma and organ evisceration. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016 Aug. 81 (2):307-11. [Medline].
O'Malley E, Boyle E, O'Callaghan A, Coffey JC, Walsh SR. Role of laparoscopy in penetrating abdominal trauma: a systematic review. World J Surg. 2013 Jan. 37 (1):113-22. [Medline].
Lin HF, Wu JM, Tu CC, Chen HA, Shih HC. Value of diagnostic and therapeutic laparoscopy for abdominal stab wounds. World J Surg. 2010 Jul. 34(7):1653-62. [Medline].
Leppäniemi A, Haapiainen R. Diagnostic laparoscopy in abdominal stab wounds: a prospective, randomized study. J Trauma. 2003 Oct. 55(4):636-45. [Medline].
Aragón GE, Eiseman B. Abdominal stab wounds: evaluation of sinography. J Trauma. 1976 Oct. 16(10):792-7. [Medline].
Demetriades D, Hadjizacharia P, Constantinou C, Brown C, Inaba K, Rhee P. Selective nonoperative management of penetrating abdominal solid organ injuries. Ann Surg. 2006 Oct. 244(4):620-8. [Medline].
Salim A, Sangthong B, Martin M, Brown C, Plurad D, Inaba K. Use of computed tomography in anterior abdominal stab wounds: results of a prospective study. Arch Surg. 2006 Aug. 141(8):745-50; discussion 750-2. [Medline].
Rehm CG, Sherman R, Hinz TW. The role of CT scan in evaluation for laparotomy in patients with stab wounds of the abdomen. J Trauma. 1989 Apr. 29(4):446-50. [Medline].
Soffer D, McKenney MG, Cohn S, Garcia-Roca R, Namias N, Schulman C. A prospective evaluation of ultrasonography for the diagnosis of penetrating torso injury. J Trauma. 2004 May. 56(5):953-7; discussion 957-9. [Medline].
Blackbourne LH, Soffer D, McKenney M, Amortegui J, Schulman CI, Crookes B. Secondary ultrasound examination increases the sensitivity of the FAST exam in blunt trauma. J Trauma. 2004 Nov. 57(5):934-8. [Medline].
Udobi KF, Rodriguez A, Chiu WC, Scalea TM. Role of ultrasonography in penetrating abdominal trauma: a prospective clinical study. J Trauma. 2001 Mar. 50(3):475-9. [Medline].
Murphy JT, Hall J, Provost D. Fascial ultrasound for evaluation of anterior abdominal stab wound injury. J Trauma. 2005 Oct. 59(4):843-6. [Medline].
Ertekin C, Yanar H, Taviloglu K, Güloglu R, Alimoglu O. Unnecessary laparotomy by using physical examination and different diagnostic modalities for penetrating abdominal stab wounds. Emerg Med J. 2005 Nov. 22(11):790-4. [Medline].
Petersen SR, Sheldon GF. Morbidity of a negative finding at laparotomy in abdominal trauma. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1979 Jan. 148(1):23-6. [Medline].
Ertan T, Sevim Y, Sarigoz T, Topuz O, Tastan B. Benefits of CT tractography in evaluation of anterior abdominal stab wounds. Am J Emerg Med. 2015 Sep. 33 (9):1188-90. [Medline].
Ahmed BA, Matheny ME, Rice PL, Clarke JR, Ogunyemi OI. A comparison of methods for assessing penetrating trauma on retrospective multi-center data. J Biomed Inform. 2009 Apr. 42(2):308-16. [Medline].