CBRNE - Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B Differential Diagnoses

1. Etter D, Schelin J, Schuppler M, Johler S. Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C-An Update on SEC Variants, Their Structure and Properties, and Their Role in Foodborne Intoxications. Toxins (Basel). 2020 Sep 10. 12 (9):[Medline]. [Full Text].

2. Woods JB, Darling RG, Dembek Z, et al. USAMRIID Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook. 6th ed. April 2005.

3. Bettina C Fries, Avanish K. Varshney. Bacterial Toxins - Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B. Microbiology Spectrum. December 2013. 1, No 2:[Medline]. [Full Text].

4. Hedayati Ch M, Amani J, Sedighian H, Amin M, Salimian J, Halabian R, et al. Isolation of a new ssDNA aptamer against staphylococcal enterotoxin B based on CNBr-activated sepharose-4B affinity chromatography. J Mol Recognit. 2016 Sep. 29 (9):436-45. [Medline].

5. Sergelidis D, Angelidis AS. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a controversial food-borne pathogen. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2017 Jun. 64 (6):409-418. [Medline]. [Full Text].

6. CDC. Toxic-shock syndrome, United States, 1970-1982. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1982 Apr 30. 31(16):201-4. [Medline].

7. Bozek A, Fisher A, Filipowska B, Mazur B, Jarzab J. Clinical features and immunological markers of atopic dermatitis in elderly patients. Internationl Archives of Allergy and Immunology. March 2012. 157(4):372-8. [Medline]. [Full Text].

8. Ulrich RG, Sidell S, Taylor TJ. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B and related pyogenic toxins. Textbook of Military Medicine. Part I. Warfare, Weaponry and the Casualty. 1997. Vol 3: 621-631.

9. Ono HK, Omoe K, Imanishi K, Iwakabe Y, Hu DL, Kato H, et al. Identification and characterization of two novel staphylococcal enterotoxins, types S and T. Infect Immun. 2008 Nov. 76(11):4999-5005. [Medline]. [Full Text].

10. Kashiwada T, Kikuchi K, Abe S, Kato H, Hayashi H, Morimoto T, et al. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B toxic shock syndrome induced by community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA). Intern Med. 2012. 51(21):3085-8. [Medline].

11. Yu J, Oh MH, Park JU, Myers AC, Dong C, Zhu Z, et al. Epicutaneous exposure to staphylococcal superantigen enterotoxin B enhances allergic lung inflammation via an IL-17A dependent mechanism. PLoS One. 2012. 7(7):e39032. [Medline]. [Full Text].

12. Papageorgiou AC, Tranter HS, Acharya KR. Crystal structure of microbial superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B at 1.5 A resolution: implications for superantigen recognition by MHC class II molecules and T-cell receptors. J Mol Biol. 1998 Mar 20. 277(1):61-79. [Medline].

13. Karauzum H, Datta SK. Adaptive Immunity Against Staphylococcus aureus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2017. 409:419-439. [Medline]. [Full Text].

14. Mattix ME, Hunt RE, Wilhelmsen CL, Johnson AJ, Baze WB. Aerosolized staphylococcal enterotoxin B-induced pulmonary lesions in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Toxicol Pathol. 1995 May-Jun. 23(3):262-8. [Medline].

15. Bi S, Das R, Zelazowska E, Mani S, Neill R, Coleman GD, et al. The cellular and molecular response of the weanling piglet to staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Experimental Biology and Medicine. November 2009. 234:1305-15. [Medline]. [Full Text].

16. Tierney LK, McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA. Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment. 1998.

17. Rajagopalan G, Sen MM, Singh M, Murali NS, Nath KA, Iijima K, et al. Intranasal exposure to staphylococcal enterotoxin B elicits an acute systemic inflammatory response. Shock. 2006 Jun. 25(6):647-56. [Medline].

18. Rajagopalan G, Smart MK, Patel R, David CS. Acute systemic immune activation following conjunctival exposure to staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Infect Immun. 2006 Oct. 74(10):6016-9. [Medline]. [Full Text].

19. Rao R, Nagarkatti P, Nagarkatti M. Role of miRNA in the regulation of inflammatory genes in staphylococcal enterotoxin B-induced acute inflammatory lung injury and mortality. Toxicol Sci. 2015 Apr. 144 (2):284-97. [Medline].

20. Gholamzad M, Khatami MR, Ghassemi S, Vaise Malekshahi Z, Shooshtari MB. Detection of Staphylococcus Enterotoxin B (SEB) Using an Immunochromatographic Test Strip. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2015 Sep. 8 (9):e26793. [Medline].

21. Khan AS, Cao CJ, Thompson RG, Valdes JJ. A simple and rapid fluorescence-based immunoassay for the detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Mol Cell Probes. 2003 Apr-Jun. 17(2-3):125-6. [Medline].

22. Virtual Naval Hospital, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases. Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook. 1998.

23. Krakauer T, Buckley M. Doxycycline is anti-inflammatory and inhibits staphylococcal exotoxin-induced cytokines and chemokines. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. November 2003. 47(11):3630-3. [Medline]. [Full Text].

24. Krakauer T, Buckley M. Dexamethasone Attenuates Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B-induced Hypothermic Response and Protects Mice from Superantigen-induced Toxic Shock. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. Jan 2006. 50(1):391-5. [Medline]. [Full Text].

25. Mantis NJ. Vaccines against the category B toxins: Staphylococcal enterotoxin B, epsilon toxin and ricin. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2005 Jun 17. 57(9):1424-39. [Medline].

26. Yang M, Kostov Y, Bruck HA, Rasooly A. Carbon nanotubes with enhanced chemiluminescence immunoassay for CCD-based detection of Staphylococcal enterotoxin B in food. Anal Chem. 2008 Nov 15. 80(22):8532-7. [Medline]. [Full Text].

27. Soto CM, Martin BD, Sapsford KE, Blum AS, Ratna BR. Toward single molecule detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B: mobile sandwich immunoassay on gliding microtubules. Anal Chem. 2008 Jul 15. 80(14):5433-40. [Medline].

Bruce A Gleason, MD Associate Medical Director, Emergent Health Colonel, US Army Reserves

Bruce A Gleason, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Kermit D Huebner, MD, FACEP Research Director, Carl R Darnall Army Medical Center

Kermit D Huebner, MD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, Association of Military Surgeons of the US, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, Society of United States Air Force Flight Surgeons

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Duane C Caneva, MD, MSc Senior Medical Advisor to Customs and Border Protection, Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Office of Health Affairs; Federal Co-Chair, Health, Medical, Responder Safety Subgroup, Interagency Board (IAB)

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jerry L Mothershead, MD Medical Readiness Consultant, Medical Readiness and Response Group, Battelle Memorial Institute; Advisor, Technical Advisory Committee, Emergency Management Strategic Healthcare Group, Veteran's Health Administration; Adjunct Associate Professor, Department of Military and Emergency Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

Jerry L Mothershead, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, National Association of EMS Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous author, Danielle M Pesce, DO, to the development and writing of this article.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article