Author
Linda Russo, MD Resident Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kings County Hospital Center, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center
Linda Russo, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American Medical Association, Emergency Medicine Residents' Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Coauthor(s)
Sage W Wiener, MD Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center; Director of Medical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kings County Hospital Center
Sage W Wiener, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Medical Toxicology, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Specialty Editor Board
Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference
Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.
Chief Editor
Duane C Caneva, MD, MSc Senior Medical Advisor to Customs and Border Protection, Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Office of Health Affairs; Federal Co-Chair, Health, Medical, Responder Safety Subgroup, Interagency Board (IAB)
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Additional Contributors
Suzanne White, MD Medical Director, Regional Poison Control Center at Children's Hospital, Program Director of Medical Toxicology, Associate Professor, Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine
Suzanne White, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Clinical Toxicology, American College of Epidemiology, American College of Medical Toxicology, American Medical Association, Michigan State Medical Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Jessica A Fulton, DO Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine, Assistant Residency Director, New York University and Bellevue Hospital Center; Medical Director of Chemical Biological Radiological Nuclear Explosives (CBRNE) Academy, Bellevue Hospital Center and New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
Jessica A Fulton, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Medical Toxicology
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Ani Aydin, MD Resident Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Bellevue Hospital/New York University Medical Center
Ani Aydin, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, Emergency Medicine Residents' Association
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous authors, Gregory R Bell, MD, and Alan H Hall, MD, to the development and writing of this article.
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