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Medication

Medication Summary

The overall goals of pharmacotherapy in patients with plantar fasciitis are to reduce morbidity and prevent complications. Medications are used primarily to decrease pain and inflammation. The most commonly used medications are oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroid injections, which may be employed in conjunction with physical therapy.

Class Summary

NSAIDs have analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activities. Their mechanism of action is not known, but they may inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) activity and prostaglandin synthesis. Other mechanisms may exist as well, such as inhibition of leukotriene synthesis, lysosomal enzyme release, lipoxygenase activity, neutrophil aggregation, and various cell-membrane functions.

NSAIDs can help decrease pain and inflammation in patients with plantar fasciitis. Various oral NSAIDs can be used; there are no particular drugs of choice. The choice of NSAID is largely a matter of convenience (eg, the frequency with which doses must be taken to achieve adequate analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects) and cost.

Ibuprofen (Motrin, I-Prin, Advil, Caldolor)

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Ibuprofen is a member of the propionic acid group of NSAIDs. It is available in a low-dose form as an over-the-counter (OTC) medication. It is highly protein-bound, is metabolized in the liver, and is eliminated primarily in the urine.

Ibuprofen is used for analgesia and anti-inflammatory effect and is the drug of choice for patients with mild to moderate pain. It inhibits inflammatory reactions and pain by decreasing prostaglandin synthesis. It may reversibly inhibit platelet function.

Naproxen (Aleve, Anaprox, Naprosyn, Naprelan)

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Naproxen is a member of the propionic acid group of NSAIDs. It is available in low-dose form as an OTC medication. It is highly protein-bound, is metabolized in the liver, and is eliminated primarily in the urine. Naproxen may reversibly inhibit platelet function.

Sulindac (Clinoril)

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Sulindac decreases COX activity and, in turn, inhibits prostaglandin synthesis. This results in decreased formation of inflammatory mediators.

Celecoxib (Celebrex)

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Celecoxib primarily inhibits COX-2. COX-2 is considered an inducible isoenzyme, induced during pain and inflammatory stimuli. Inhibition of COX-1 may contribute to NSAID gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity. At therapeutic concentrations, COX-1 isoenzyme is not inhibited; thus, GI toxicity may be decreased. Seek the lowest dose of celecoxib for each patient.

Meloxicam (Mobic)

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Meloxicam decreases COX activity, and this, in turn, inhibits prostaglandin synthesis. These effects decrease the formation of inflammatory mediators.

Ketoprofen

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Ketoprofen is used for relief of mild to moderate pain and inflammation. Small dosages are indicated initially in small patients, elderly patients, and patients with renal or liver disease. Doses higher than 75 mg do not increase the therapeutic effects. Administer high doses with caution, and closely observe the patient's response.

Flurbiprofen

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Flurbiprofen may inhibit COX, thereby, in turn, inhibiting prostaglandin biosynthesis. These effects may result in analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities.

Class Summary

In contrast to the widespread systemic distribution achieved with oral administration of an anti-inflammatory drug, local injection of a corticosteroid can achieve focal placement of a potent anti-inflammatory agent at the site of maximal tenderness or inflammation. Various corticosteroid preparations from which to choose. Commonly, the corticosteroid is mixed with a local anesthetic agent before injection. Again, there are various local anesthetic agents from which to choose.

Triamcinolone (Aristospan, Kenalog-10, Kenalog-40)

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Triamcinolone is an injectable corticosteroid anti-inflammatory agent used to treat localized areas of inflammation. It has an intermediate duration of action.

Betamethasone sodium (Celestone, Soluspan)

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Betamethasone is an injectable corticosteroid anti-inflammatory agent used to treat localized areas of inflammation. It has an intermediate duration of action.

Methylprednisolone (Depo-Medrol, A-Methapred, Medrol)

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Methylprednisolone decreases inflammation by suppressing migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and reducing capillary permeability. It is commonly given via local injection of bursae or joints to provide a local anti-inflammatory effect while minimizing some of the GI and other risks of systemic medications.

Questions

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Media Gallery

Weight-bearing windlass test.
Calf stretch.
Towel curl.
Toe taps.
Night splint.
Low-dye taping method. This technique provides support for plantar fascia and helps reduce excessive pronation.
Example of arch support with cushioned heel. These are available in three-quarter or full lengths to fit in shoe.
Example of night splint. These are intended to prevent shortening of Achilles tendon and plantar fascia at night.
Orthosis
Night splint, designed to prevent shortening of Achilles tendon and plantar fascia at night.
Plantar fascia stretching exercise.

of 11

Author

Craig C Young, MD Professor, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Community and Family Medicine, Medical Director of Sports Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin

Craig C Young, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Family Physicians, American College of Sports Medicine, American Medical Society for Sports Medicine, Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Acknowledgements

Gregory C Berlet, MD, FRCS(C) Clinical Assistant Professor of Orthopedics, Chief of Foot and Ankle Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health

Gregory C Berlet, MD, FRCS(C) is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society, Canadian Medical Association, Canadian Orthopaedic Association, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario, Ontario Medical Association, and Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jason H Calhoun, MD, FACS Frank J Kloenne Chair in Orthopedic Surgery, Professor and Chair, Department of Orthopedics, The Ohio State University Medical Center

Jason H Calhoun, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American College of Surgeons, American Diabetes Association, American Medical Association, American Orthopaedic Association, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society, Missouri State Medical Association, Musculoskeletal Infection Society, Southern Medical Association, Southern Orthopaedic Association, Texas Medical Association, and Texas Orthopaedic Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

William T DeCarbo, DPM Foot and Ankle Surgeon, Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Center

William T DeCarbo, DPM is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons and American Podiatric Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

James K DeOrio, MD Director of Foot and Ankle Fellowship Program, Assistant Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopedic Surgery, St Lukes Hospital, Jacksonville, Florida

James K DeOrio, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society, Florida Medical Association, and German Society of Neurology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Miguel C Fernandez, MD, FAAEM, FACEP, FACMT, FACCT Associate Clinical Professor; Medical and Managing Director, South Texas Poison Center, Department of Surgery/Emergency Medicine and Toxicology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio

Miguel C Fernandez, MD, FAAEM, FACEP, FACMT, FACCT is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Clinical Toxicologists, American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Medical Toxicology, American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Joseph P Garry, MD, FACSM, FAAFP Associate Professor, Sports Medicine Faculty, Department of Family & Community Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School

Joseph P Garry, MD, FACSM, FAAFP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Family Physicians, American College of Sports Medicine, American Heart Association, American Medical Society for Sports Medicine, and North American Primary Care Research Group

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Shepard R Hurwitz, MD Executive Director, American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery

Shepard R Hurwitz, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Rheumatology, American College of Sports Medicine, American College of Surgeons, American Diabetes Association, American Orthopaedic Association, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society, Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, Eastern Orthopaedic Association, Orthopaedic Research Society, Orthopaedic Trauma Association, and Southern Orthopaedic Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Christopher F Hyer, DPM, FACFAS Foot and Ankle Surgeon, Director, Advanced Foot and Ankle Surgery Fellowship, Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Center

Christopher F Hyer, DPM, FACFAS is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons and American Podiatric Medical Association

Disclosure: Wright Medical Technology Consulting fee Consulting; Wright Medical Technology Royalty Consulting; Orthopaedic Research and Education Foundation Grant/research funds Co-Investigator

Rick Kulkarni, MD

Rick Kulkarni, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, American Medical Informatics Association, Phi Beta Kappa, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: WebMD Salary Employment

Eric L Legome, MD Chief, Department of Emergency Medicine, Kings County Hospital Center; Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, New York Medical College

Eric L Legome, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Leslie Milne, MD Assistant Clinical Instructor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard University School of Medicine

Leslie Milne, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Sports Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Dinesh Patel, MD, FACS Associate Clinical Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School; Chief of Arthroscopic Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital

Dinesh Patel, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mark A Silverberg, MD, FACEP, MMB Assistant Professor, Assistant Residency Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, State University of New York Downstate College of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, Kings County Hospital, University Hospital, State University of New York Downstate at Brooklyn

Mark A Silverberg, MD, FACEP, MMB is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Deepika Singh, MD Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Lawrence and Memorial Hospital, New London, CT

Deepika Singh, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, American Nurses Association, Emergency Medicine Residents Association, and Sigma Theta Tau International

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Matthew D Sorensen, DPM Foot and Ankle Surgeon, Summit Orthopedics

Matthew D Sorensen, DPM is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Russell D White, MD Professor of Medicine, Director of Sports Medicine Fellowship Program, Medical Director, Sports Medicine Center, Head Team Physician, University of Missouri-Kansas City Intercollegiate Athletic Program, Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Truman Medical Center Lakewood

Russell D White, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Family Physicians, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Sports Medicine, American Diabetes Association, and American Medical Society for Sports Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Plantar Fasciitis Medication

Medication Summary

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

Class Summary

Ibuprofen (Motrin, I-Prin, Advil, Caldolor)

Ibuprofen (Motrin, I-Prin, Advil, Caldolor)

Naproxen (Aleve, Anaprox, Naprosyn, Naprelan)

Naproxen (Aleve, Anaprox, Naprosyn, Naprelan)

Sulindac (Clinoril)

Sulindac (Clinoril)

Celecoxib (Celebrex)

Celecoxib (Celebrex)

Meloxicam (Mobic)

Meloxicam (Mobic)

Ketoprofen

Ketoprofen

Flurbiprofen

Flurbiprofen

Corticosteroids

Class Summary

Triamcinolone (Aristospan, Kenalog-10, Kenalog-40)

Triamcinolone (Aristospan, Kenalog-10, Kenalog-40)

Betamethasone sodium (Celestone, Soluspan)

Betamethasone sodium (Celestone, Soluspan)

Methylprednisolone (Depo-Medrol, A-Methapred, Medrol)

Methylprednisolone (Depo-Medrol, A-Methapred, Medrol)

Plantar Fasciitis Medication

Medication Summary

Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

Class Summary

Ibuprofen (Motrin, I-Prin, Advil, Caldolor)

Naproxen (Aleve, Anaprox, Naprosyn, Naprelan)

Sulindac (Clinoril)

Celecoxib (Celebrex)

Meloxicam (Mobic)

Ketoprofen

Flurbiprofen

Corticosteroids

Class Summary

Triamcinolone (Aristospan, Kenalog-10, Kenalog-40)

Betamethasone sodium (Celestone, Soluspan)

Methylprednisolone (Depo-Medrol, A-Methapred, Medrol)

References

Tables

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