Sections

Epistaxis

Medication

Medication Summary

Most patients with epistaxis who seek medical attention are likely to be treated with cauterization, anterior packing, or both. Those with severe or recalcitrant bleeding may need posterior packing, arterial ligation, or embolization. Pharmacotherapy plays only a supportive role in treating the patient with epistaxis.

Class Summary

Topical vasoconstrictors act on alpha-adrenergic receptors in the nasal mucosa, causing vessels to constrict.

Oxymetazoline 0.05% (Afrin)

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Oxymetazoline is applied directly to mucous membranes, where it stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors and causes vasoconstriction. Decongestion occurs without drastic changes in blood pressure, vascular redistribution, or cardiac stimulation.

Oxymetazoline can be used in combination with lidocaine 4% to provide effective nasal anesthesia and vasoconstriction.

Class Summary

When anesthetics are used concomitantly with vasoconstrictors, their anesthetic effect is prolonged and the pain threshold increased.

Lidocaine 4% (Xylocaine)

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Lidocaine decreases permeability to sodium ions in neuronal membranes. This results in the inhibition of depolarization, blocking the transmission of nerve impulses.

Lidocaine can be used in combination with oxymetazoline 0.05% to provide effective nasal anesthesia and vasoconstriction.

Class Summary

Antibiotic ointments help prevent local infection and provide local moisturization.

Mupirocin ointment 2% (Bactroban nasal)

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Mupirocin ointment inhibits bacterial growth by inhibiting RNA and protein synthesis. It is a compounded medication.

Class Summary

Cauterizing agents coagulate cellular proteins, which can in turn reduce bleeding.

Silver nitrate

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Silver nitrate coagulates cellular protein and removes granulation tissue. It also has antibacterial effects.

Questions

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Media Gallery

Posterior epistaxis from the left sphenopalatine artery.
Resolved posterior epistaxis after endoscopic cauterization of the left sphenopalatine artery.
Nasal speculum.
Vaseline gauze packing.
Expandable (Merocel) packing (dry).
Nasal vascular anatomy

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Author

Quoc A Nguyen, MD Associate Clinical Professor, Director, Sinus and Allergy Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Medical Center

Quoc A Nguyen, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Phi Beta Kappa, American Academy of Otolaryngic Allergy, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Triological Society, American Rhinologic Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Ted L Tewfik, MD Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Professor of Pediatric Surgery, McGill University Faculty of Medicine; Senior Staff, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal General Hospital, and Royal Victoria Hospital

Ted L Tewfik, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Canadian Society of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Arlen D Meyers, MD, MBA Professor of Otolaryngology, Dentistry, and Engineering, University of Colorado School of Medicine

Arlen D Meyers, MD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American Head and Neck Society

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: Cerescan; Ryte; Neosoma; MI10<br/>Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: Neosoma; Cyberionix (CYBX)<br/>Received ownership interest from Cerescan for consulting for: Neosoma, MI10.

Additional Contributors

Hassan H Ramadan, MD, MSc, FACS, FARS Professor and Chairman, Director of Rhinology and Allergy Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Professor, Department of Pediatrics, West Virginia University School of Medicine

Hassan H Ramadan, MD, MSc, FACS, FARS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Otolaryngic Allergy, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American College of Surgeons, American Rhinologic Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Epistaxis Medication

Medication Summary

Topical vasoconstrictors

Class Summary

Oxymetazoline 0.05% (Afrin)

Oxymetazoline 0.05% (Afrin)

Anesthetics

Class Summary

Lidocaine 4% (Xylocaine)

Lidocaine 4% (Xylocaine)

Antibiotic ointments

Class Summary

Mupirocin ointment 2% (Bactroban nasal)

Mupirocin ointment 2% (Bactroban nasal)

Cauterizing agents

Class Summary

Silver nitrate

Silver nitrate

References

Tables

Contributor Information and Disclosures

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