Epistaxis Questions & Answers

1. Traboulsi H, Alam E, Hadi U. Changing Trends in the Management of Epistaxis. Int J Otolaryngol. 2015. 2015:263987. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

2. Moreau S, De Rugy MG, Babin E, Courtheoux P, Valdazo A. Supraselective embolization in intractable epistaxis: review of 45 cases. Laryngoscope. 1998 Jun. 108(6):887-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Tabassom A, Cho JJ. Epistaxis. StatPearls. 2022 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

4. Abelson TI. Epistaxis. Schaefer SD. Rhinology and Sinus Disease 1st ed. New York: Mosby; 1998. 43-50.

5. Douglas R, Wormald PJ. Update on epistaxis. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007 Jun. 15(3):180-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Emanuel JM. Epistaxis. Cummings CW. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery. 3rd ed. St. Louis: Mosby; 1998. 852-865.

7. Pope LE, Hobbs CG. Epistaxis: an update on current management. Postgrad Med J. 2005 May. 81(955):309-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

8. Cummings CW. Epistaxis. Cummings. Otolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier, Mosby; 2005. Chap 40.

9. Padgham N. Epistaxis: anatomical and clinical correlates. J Laryngol Otol. 1990 Apr. 104(4):308-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Guarisco JL, Graham HD 3rd. Epistaxis in children: causes, diagnosis, and treatment. Ear Nose Throat J. 1989 Jul. 68(7):522, 528-30, 532 passim. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Purkey MR, Seeskin Z, Chandra R. Seasonal variation and predictors of epistaxis. Laryngoscope. 2014 Mar 15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Seidel DU, Sesterhenn AM, Kostev K. Seasonal Variation of Epistaxis in Germany. J Craniofac Surg. 2018 Feb 12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Jarjour IT, Jarjour LK. Migraine and recurrent epistaxis in children. Pediatr Neurol. 2005 Aug. 33(2):94-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Knight YE, Goadsby PJ. The periaqueductal grey matter modulates trigeminovascular input: a role in migraine?. Neuroscience. 2001. 106(4):793-800. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Sarhan NA, Algamal AM. Relationship between epistaxis and hypertension: a cause and effect or coincidence?. J Saudi Heart Assoc. 2015 Apr. 27 (2):79-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Qureishi A, Burton MJ. Interventions for recurrent idiopathic epistaxis (nosebleeds) in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Sep 12. 9:CD004461. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Gifford TO, Orlandi RR. Epistaxis. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2008 Jun. 41(3):525-36, viii. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Schlosser RJ. Clinical practice. Epistaxis. N Engl J Med. 2009 Feb 19. 360(8):784-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. [Guideline] D'Aguanno V, Ralli M, Greco A, de Vincentiis M. Clinical Recommendations for Epistaxis Management During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020 May 5. 194599820926497. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

20. Durr DG. Endoscopic electrosurgical management of posterior epistaxis: shifting paradigm. J Otolaryngol. 2004 Aug. 33(4):211-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Newton E, Lasso A, Petrcich W, Kilty SJ. An outcomes analysis of anterior epistaxis management in the emergency department. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2016 Apr 11. 45:24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

22. Kundi NA, Raza M. Duration of nasal packs in the management of epistaxis. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak. 2015 Mar. 25 (3):202-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. García Callejo FJ, Muñoz Fernández N, Achiques Martínez MT, Frías Moya-Angeler S, Montoro Elena MJ, Algarra JM. [Nasal packing in posterior epistaxis. Comparison of two methods]. Acta Otorrinolaringol Esp. 2010 May-Jun. 61(3):196-201. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Brinjikji W, Kallmes DF, Cloft HJ. Trends in Epistaxis Embolization in the United States: A Study of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample 2003-2010. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2013 May 3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Abdelkader M, Leong SC, White PS. Endoscopic control of the sphenopalatine artery for epistaxis: long-term results. J Laryngol Otol. 2007 Aug. 121(8):759-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Wormald PJ, Wee DT, van Hasselt CA. Endoscopic ligation of the sphenopalatine artery for refractory posterior epistaxis. Am J Rhinol. 2000;Jul-Aug. 14(4):261-264.

27. de Bonnecaze G, Gallois Y, Bonneville F, Vergez S, Chaput B, Serrano E. Transnasal Endoscopic Sphenopalatine Artery Ligation Compared With Embolization for Intractable Epistaxis: A Long-term Analysis. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2018 Jan 1. 1945892418768584. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Strong EB, Bell DA, Johnson LP, Jacobs JM. Intractable epistaxis: transantral ligation vs. embolization: efficacy review and cost analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1995 Dec. 113(6):674-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Hoffman H, Ashok Kumar A, Raventhiranathan N, Masoud HE, Gould GC. Endovascular embolization for the treatment of epistaxis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Interv Neuroradiol. 2022 Mar 3. 15910199221081715. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Wang B, Zu QQ, Liu XL, et al. Transarterial embolization in the management of intractable epistaxis: the angiographic findings and results based on etiologies. Acta Otolaryngol. 2016 Apr 8. 1-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Alderman C, Corlett J, Cullis J. The treatment of recurrent epistaxis due to hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia with intranasal bevacizumab. Br J Haematol. 2013 May 14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Wirsching KE, Haubner F, Kühnel TS. Influence of temporary nasal occlusion (tNO) on epistaxis frequency in patients with hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2017 Jan 9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Contis A, Gensous N, Viallard JF, Goizet C, Leaute-Labreze C, Duffau P. Efficacy and safety of propranolol for epistaxis in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT); retrospective, then prospective study, in a total of 21 patients. Clin Otolaryngol. 2016 Dec 29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Tunkel DE, Anne S, Payne SC, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: Nosebleed (Epistaxis) Executive Summary. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020 Jan. 162 (1):8-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

Quoc A Nguyen, MD Associate Clinical Professor, Director, Sinus and Allergy Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Medical Center

Quoc A Nguyen, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Phi Beta Kappa, American Academy of Otolaryngic Allergy, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Triological Society, American Rhinologic Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Ted L Tewfik, MD Professor of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Professor of Pediatric Surgery, McGill University Faculty of Medicine; Senior Staff, Montreal Children's Hospital, Montreal General Hospital, and Royal Victoria Hospital

Ted L Tewfik, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Canadian Society of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Arlen D Meyers, MD, MBA Emeritus Professor of Otolaryngology, Dentistry, and Engineering, University of Colorado School of Medicine

Arlen D Meyers, MD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American Head and Neck Society

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: Cerescan; Neosoma; MI10;<br/>Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: Neosoma; Cyberionix (CYBX)<br/>Received ownership interest from Cerescan for consulting for: Neosoma, MI10 advisor.

Hassan H Ramadan, MD, MSc, FACS, FARS Professor and Chairman, Director of Rhinology and Allergy Center, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Professor, Department of Pediatrics, West Virginia University School of Medicine

Hassan H Ramadan, MD, MSc, FACS, FARS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Otolaryngic Allergy, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American College of Surgeons, American Rhinologic Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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