Author
Pamela A Mudd, MD, MBA Attending Physician in Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's National Medical Center
Pamela A Mudd, MD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American College of Physicians
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Coauthor(s)
Bardia Amirlak, MD Assistant Professor of Plastic Surgery, Director of Residency Cosmetic Clinic, Director of Plastic Surgery Global Health Program, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas; Chief of Hand and Peripheral Nerve Surgery, Dallas Veterans Affairs Medical Center
Bardia Amirlak, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Surgeons, American Society of Plastic Surgeons, American Society of Reconstructive Transplantation, Kleinert Society
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Specialty Editor Board
Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference
Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.
Robert M Kellman, MD Professor and Chair, Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Sciences, State University of New York Upstate Medical University
Robert M Kellman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, American Head and Neck Society, American Rhinologic Society, Triological Society, American Neurotology Society, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, Medical Society of the State of New York
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Chief Editor
Arlen D Meyers, MD, MBA Professor of Otolaryngology, Dentistry, and Engineering, University of Colorado School of Medicine
Arlen D Meyers, MD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American Head and Neck Society
Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: Cerescan; Ryte; Neosoma; MI10<br/>Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: Neosoma; Cyberionix (CYBX)<br/>Received ownership interest from Cerescan for consulting for: Neosoma, MI10.
Additional Contributors
Clark A Rosen, MD Director, University of Pittsburgh Voice Center; Professor, Department of Otolaryngology and Communication Science and Disorders, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
Clark A Rosen, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, American College of Surgeons, American Medical Association, Pennsylvania Medical Society
Disclosure: Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Merz North America Inc<br/>Received consulting fee from Merz North America Inc for consulting; Received consulting fee from Merz North America Inc for speaking and teaching.
Reza Shaker, MD
Reza Shaker, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Gastroenterology, American College of Physicians, American Federation for Medical Research, American Gastroenterological Association, American Neurogastroenterology and Motility Society, American Physiological Society, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Ramin Soraya, MD Chair, Department of Science, West Coast University, Dallas
Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.
Acknowledgements
The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous authors, Ann L Edmunds, MD, PharmD, to the development and writing of this article.