Femoral Head Avascular Necrosis Questions & Answers

1. Lavernia CJ, Sierra RJ, Grieco FR. Osteonecrosis of the femoral head. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1999 Jul-Aug. 7(4):250-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Vail TP, Covington DB. The incidence of osteonecrosis. Urbaniak JR, Jones JR, eds. Osteonecrosis: Etiology, Diagnosis, Treatment. Rosemont, Ill: American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons; 1997. 43-9.

3. Ai ZS, Gao YS, Sun Y, Liu Y, Zhang CQ, Jiang CH. Logistic regression analysis of factors associated with avascular necrosis of the femoral head following femoral neck fractures in middle-aged and elderly patients. J Orthop Sci. 2012 Nov 1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Mont MA, Hungerford DS. Non-traumatic avascular necrosis of the femoral head. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1995 Mar. 77(3):459-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Song HK, Choi HJ, Yang KH. Risk factors of avascular necrosis of the femoral head and fixation failure in patients with valgus angulated femoral neck fractures over the age of 50 years. Injury. 2016 Oct 19. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Maini L, Kumar S, Batra S, Gupta R, Arora S. Evaluation of the muscle morphology of the obturator externus and piriformis as the predictors of avascular necrosis of the femoral head in acetabular fractures. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr. 2016 Aug. 11 (2):105-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

7. Pritchett JW. Statin therapy decreases the risk of osteonecrosis in patients receiving steroids. Clin Orthop Relat Res. May 2001. 386:173-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Arlet J, Ficat P. [Non-traumatic avascular femur head necrosis. New methods of examination and new concepts] [Polish]. Chir Narzadow Ruchu Ortop Pol. 1977. 42(3):269-76. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Steinberg ME. Avascular necrosis: diagnosis, staging, and management. J Musculoskel Med. 1997. 14(11):13-25.

10. Steinberg ME. Diagnostic imaging and the role of stage and lesion size in determining outcome in osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Techniques in Orthopaedics. Mar 2001. 16(1):6-15. [Full Text].

11. McGrory BJ, York SC, Iorio R, et al. Current practices of AAHKS members in the treatment of adult osteonecrosis of the femoral head. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2007 Jun. 89(6):1194-204. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Ciombor DM, Aaron RK. Biologically augmented core decompression for the treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Techniques in Orthopaedics. Mar 2001. 16(1):32-8. [Full Text].

13. Shah SN, Kapoor CS, Jhaveri MR, Golwala PP, Patel S. Analysis of outcome of avascular necrosis of femoral head treated by core decompression and bone grafting. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2015 Sep. 6 (3):160-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Katz MA, Urbaniak JR. Free vascularized fibular grafting of the femoral head for the treatment of osteonecrosis. Techniques in Orthopaedics. Mar 2001. 16(1):44-60. [Full Text].

15. Fang T, Zhang EW, Sailes FC, McGuire RA, Lineaweaver WC, Zhang F. Vascularized fibular grafts in patients with avascular necrosis of femoral head: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2012 Oct 18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Al-Jabri T, Tan JYQ, Tong GY, Shenoy R, Kayani B, Parratt T, et al. The role of electrical stimulation in the management of avascular necrosis of the femoral head in adults: a systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2017 Jul 28. 18 (1):319. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. McCarthy J, Puri L, Barsoum W, et al. Articular cartilage changes in avascular necrosis: an arthroscopic evaluation. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2003 Jan. 406:64-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Ivankovich DA, Rosenberg AG, Malamis A. Reconstructive options for osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Techniques in Orthopaedics. Mar 2001. 16(1):66-79. [Full Text].

19. Squire M, Fehring TK, Odum S, Griffin WL, Bohannon Mason J. Failure of femoral surface replacement for femoral head avascular necrosis. J Arthroplasty. 2005 Oct. 20(7 suppl 3):108-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Bilge O, Doral MN, Yel M, Karalezli N, Miniaci A. Treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head with focal anatomic-resurfacing implantation (HemiCAP): preliminary results of an alternative option. J Orthop Surg Res. 2015 Apr 28. 10:56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Chotanaphuti T, Thongprasert S, Laoruengthana A. Low molecular weight heparin prevents the progression of precollapse osteonecrosis of the hip. J Med Assoc Thai. 2013 Oct. 96(10):1326-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Glueck CJ, Freiberg RA, Sieve L, Wang P. Enoxaparin prevents progression of stages I and II osteonecrosis of the hip. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2005 Jun. 435:164-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Lai KA, Shen WJ, Yang CY, et al. The use of alendronate to prevent early collapse of the femoral head in patients with nontraumatic osteonecrosis. A randomized clinical study. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 Oct. 87(10):2155-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Takahashi S, Fukushima W, Kubo T, Iwamoto Y, Hirota Y, Nakamura H. Pronounced risk of nontraumatic osteonecrosis of the femoral head among cigarette smokers who have never used oral corticosteroids: a multicenter case-control study in Japan. J Orthop Sci. 2012 Nov. 17(6):730-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. DeLee JC. Fractures and dislocations of the hip. Rockwood CA, Green DP, Bucholz RW, eds. Rockwood and Green's Fractures in Adults. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott-Raven; 1996. 1661-9.

26. Etienne G, Mont MA, Khanuja HS, Hungerford DS. Nonvascularized bone grafts for osteonecrosis of the femoral head: current concepts and techniques. Techniques in Orthopaedics. Mar 2001. 16(1):39-43. [Full Text].

27. Kim SY, Kim YG, Kim PT, et al. Vascularized compared with nonvascularized fibular grafts for large osteonecrotic lesions of the femoral head. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005 Sep. 87(9):2012-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Urbaniak JR, Barnes CJ. Meeting the challenge of osteonecrosis in adults. J Musculoskel Med. 2001. 18:395-403.

29. Andriolo L, Merli G, Tobar C, Altamura SA, Kon E, Filardo G. Regenerative therapies increase survivorship of avascular necrosis of the femoral head: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Orthop. 2018 Jul. 42 (7):1689-1704. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Andriolo L, Merli G, Tobar C, Altamura SA, Kon E, Filardo G. Regenerative therapies increase survivorship of avascular necrosis of the femoral head: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int Orthop. 2018 Jul. 42 (7):1689-1704. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

John D Kelly, IV, MD Associate Professor, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Attending Surgeon Pennsylvania Hospital, Veterans Adminsitration Hospital

John D Kelly, IV, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Orthopaedic Association, American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy Association of North America, Eastern Orthopaedic Association, Pennsylvania Orthopaedic Society, Philadelphia County Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

David Wald, DO, FACOEP Assistant Program Director, Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine

David Wald, DO, FACOEP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Craig C Young, MD Professor, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Community and Family Medicine, Medical Director of Sports Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin

Craig C Young, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Family Physicians, American College of Sports Medicine, American Medical Society for Sports Medicine, Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Gerard A Malanga, MD † Founder and Partner, New Jersey Sports Medicine, LLC and New Jersey Regenerative Institute; Director of Research, Atlantic Health; Clinical Professor, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School; Fellow, American College of Sports Medicine

Gerard A Malanga, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American College of Sports Medicine, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, International Spine Intervention Society, North American Spine Society

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Lipogems.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article