Piriformis Syndrome Questions & Answers

1. Hicks BL, Lam JC, Varacallo M. Piriformis syndrome. StatPearls. 2022 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

2. Jawish RM, Assoum HA, Khamis CF. Anatomical, clinical and electrical observations in piriformis syndrome. J Orthop Surg Res. 2010 Jan 21. 5:3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

3. Benson ER, Schutzer SF. Posttraumatic piriformis syndrome: diagnosis and results of operative treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999 Jul. 81(7):941-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Robinson ES, Lindley EM, Gonzalez P, Estes S, Cooley R, Burger EL, et al. Piriformis syndrome versus radiculopathy following lumbar artificial disc replacement. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2011 Feb 15. 36(4):E282-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Hopayian K, Danielyan A. Four symptoms define the piriformis syndrome: an updated systematic review of its clinical features. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2018 Feb. 28 (2):155-164. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Beatty RA. The piriformis muscle syndrome: a simple diagnostic maneuver. Neurosurgery. 1994 Mar. 34(3):512-4; discussion 514. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Najdi H, Mouarbes D, Abi-Akl J, Karnib S, Chamsedine AH, Jawish R. EMG in piriformis syndrome diagnosis: Reliability of peroneal H-reflex according to results obtained after surgery, Botox injection and medical treatment. J Clin Neurosci. 2018 Nov 27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Boyajian-O'Neill LA, McClain RL, Coleman MK, Thomas PP. Diagnosis and management of piriformis syndrome: an osteopathic approach. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2008 Nov. 108(11):657-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

9. Fowler IM, Tucker AA, Weimerskirch BP, Moran TJ, Mendez RJ. A randomized comparison of the efficacy of 2 techniques for piriformis muscle injection: ultrasound-guided versus nerve stimulator with fluoroscopic guidance. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2014 Mar-Apr. 39(2):126-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Blunk JA, Nowotny M, Scharf J, Benrath J. MRI verification of ultrasound-guided infiltrations of local anesthetics into the piriformis muscle. Pain Med. 2013 Oct. 14(10):1593-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Ozisik PA, Toru M, Denk CC, Taskiran OO, Gundogmus B. CT-guided piriformis muscle injection for the treatment of piriformis syndrome. Turk Neurosurg. 2014. 24(4):471-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Misirlioglu TO, Akgun K, Palamar D, Erden MG, Erbilir T. Piriformis syndrome: comparison of the effectiveness of local anesthetic and corticosteroid injections: a double-blinded, randomized controlled study. Pain Physician. 2015 Mar-Apr. 18 (2):163-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Fishman LM, Wilkins AN, Rosner B. Electrophysiologically Identified Piriformis Syndrome is successfully treated with Incobotulinum toxin A and Physical Therapy. Muscle Nerve. 2016 Dec 9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Hilal FM, Bashawyah A, Allam AE, et al. Efficacy of Botulinum Toxin, Local Anesthetics, and Corticosteroids in Patients With Piriformis Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Pain Physician. 2022 Aug. 25 (5):325-37. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Koh MM, Tan YL. Use of botulinum neurotoxin in the treatment of piriformis syndrome: A systematic review. J Clin Orthop Trauma. 2022 Aug. 31:101951. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Naja Z, Al-Tannir M, El-Rajab M, et al. The effectiveness of clonidine-bupivacaine repeated nerve stimulator-guided injection in piriformis syndrome. Clin J Pain. 2009 Mar-Apr. 25(3):199-205. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Shishir Shah, DO Consulting Staff, Comprehensive Woundcare, Banner Baywood Hospital

Shishir Shah, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Family Physicians, American Medical Association, American Osteopathic Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Thomas W Wang, MD Consulting Staff, Department of Occupational Medicine, Kaiser-Permanente

Thomas W Wang, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Family Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Russell D White, MD Clinical Professor of Medicine, Clinical Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Truman Medical Center-Lakewood

Russell D White, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Family Physicians, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Sports Medicine, American Diabetes Association, American Medical Society for Sports Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Sherwin SW Ho, MD Associate Professor, Department of Surgery, Section of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Chicago Division of the Biological Sciences, The Pritzker School of Medicine

Sherwin SW Ho, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, Arthroscopy Association of North America, Herodicus Society, American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine

Disclosure: Received consulting fee from Biomet, Inc. for speaking and teaching; Received grant/research funds from Smith and Nephew for fellowship funding; Received grant/research funds from DJ Ortho for course funding; Received grant/research funds from Athletico Physical Therapy for course, research funding; Received royalty from Biomet, Inc. for consulting.

Joseph P Garry, MD, FACSM, FAAFP Associate Professor, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School

Joseph P Garry, MD, FACSM, FAAFP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Family Physicians, American Medical Society for Sports Medicine, Minnesota Medical Association, American College of Sports Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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