Differential Diagnoses
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Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
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Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
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Telangiectasia.
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Radiograph shows an 8-month-old boy who required ventilatory support for bilateral pneumonia and who received intravenous antibiotics. The patient recovered and returned home.
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Chest radiograph in an 8-month-old boy 2 weeks after he was treated for bilateral pneumonia. The patient returned to the emergency department with a fever and breathing problems.
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Chest radiograph in a 9-month-old boy. The patient developed breathing problems 1 month after recovering from a second hospitalization for pneumonia. By this time, serum immunoglobulin levels from the second hospitalization were in the patient's record and showed an immunoglobulin G level of 156 mg/dL and undetectable immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin M levels. Subsequent bronchoscopy showed the presence of Pneumocystis carinii and cytomegalovirus.
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Telangiectasia of conjunctivae.
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A 5-year-old boy with thrush.
Tables
Brand(Manufacturer) |
Manufacturing Process |
pH |
Additives (IVIG products containing sucrose are more often associated with renal dysfunction, acute renal failure, and osmotic nephrosis, particularly with preexisting risk factors [eg, history of renal insufficiency, diabetes mellitus, age >65 y, dehydration, sepsis, paraproteinemia, nephrotoxic drugs].) |
Parenteral Form and Final Concentrations |
IgA Content mcg/mL |
Carimune NF (ZLB Behring) |
Kistler-Nitschmann fractionation, pH 4, nanofiltration |
6.4-6.8 |
6% solution: 10% sucrose, < 20 mg NaCl/g protein |
Lyophilized powder 3%, 6%, 9%, 12% |
Trace |
Flebogamma (Grifols USA) |
Cohn-Oncley fractionation, PEG precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography, pasteurization |
5.1-6 |
Sucrose free, contains 5% D-sorbitol |
Liquid 5% |
< 50 |
Gammagard Liquid 10% (Baxter Bioscience) |
Cohn-Oncley cold ethanol fractionation, cation and anion exchange chromatography, solvent detergent treated, nanofiltration, low pH incubation |
4.6-5.1 |
0.25 M glycine |
Ready-for-use liquid 10% |
37 |
Gammar-P IV (ZLB Behring) |
Cohn-Oncley fraction II/III, ultrafiltration, pasteurization |
6.4-7.2 |
5% solution: 5% sucrose, 3% albumin, 0.5% NaCl |
Lyophilized powder 5% |
< 20 |
Gamunex (Talecris Biotherapeutics) |
Cohn-Oncley fractionation, caprylate-chromatography purification, cloth and depth filtration, low pH incubation |
4-4.5 |
Contains no sugar, contains glycine |
Liquid 10% |
46 |
Gammaplex (Bio Products) |
Solvent/detergent treatment targeted to enveloped viruses; virus filtration using Pall Ultipor to remove small viruses including nonenveloped viruses; low pH incubation |
4.8-5.1 |
Contains sorbitol (40 mg/mL); do not administer if fructose intolerant |
Ready-for-use solution 5% |
< 10 |
Iveegam EN (Baxter Bioscience) |
Cohn-Oncley fraction II/III, ultrafiltration, pasteurization |
6.4-7.2 |
5% solution: 5% glucose, 0.3% NaCl |
Lyophilized powder 5% |
< 10 |
Polygam S/D Gammagard S/D (Baxter Bioscience for the American Red Cross) |
Cohn-Oncley cold ethanol fractionation, followed by ultra centrafiltration and ion exchange chromatography, solvent detergent treated |
6.4-7.2 |
5% solution: 0.3% albumin, 2.25% glycine, 2% glucose |
Lyophilized powder 5%, 10% |
< 1.6 (5% solution) |
Octagam (Octapharma USA) 9/24/10: Withdrawn from market because of unexplained reports of thromboembolic events |
Cohn-Oncley fraction II/III, ultrafiltration, low pH incubation, S/D treatment pasteurization |
5.1-6 |
10% maltose |
Liquid 5% |
200 |
Panglobulin (Swiss Red Cross for the American Red Cross) |
Kistler-Nitschmann fractionation, pH 4, trace pepsin, nanofiltration |
6.6 |
Per gram of IgG: 1.67 g sucrose, < 20 mg NaCl |
Lyophilized powder 3%, 6%, 9%, 12% |
720 |
