DiGeorge Syndrome Questions & Answers

1. Butts SC. The facial phenotype of the velo-cardio-facial syndrome. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2009 Mar. 73(3):343-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Nugent N, McGillivary A, Earley MJ. 22q11 chromosome abnormalities and the cleft service. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg. 2010 Apr. 63(4):598-602. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Cheng AT, Beckenham EJ. Congenital anterior glottic webs with subglottic stenosis: surgery using perichondrial keels. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2009 Jul. 73(7):945-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Tantibhaedhyangkul U, Davis CM, Noroski LM, Hanson IC, Shearer WT, Chinen J. Role of IL-7 in the regulation of T-cell homeostasis in partial DiGeorge syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009 Apr. 123(4):960-2.e2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Patel K, Akhter J, Kobrynski L, Benjamin Gathmann MA, Davis O, Sullivan KE. Immunoglobulin deficiencies: the B-lymphocyte side of DiGeorge Syndrome. J Pediatr. 2012 Nov. 161(5):950-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Bertini V, Azzarà A, Legitimo A, Milone R, Battini R, Consolini R, et al. Deletion Extents Are Not the Cause of Clinical Variability in 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome: Does the Interaction between DGCR8 and miRNA-CNVs Play a Major Role?. Front Genet. 2017. 8:47. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Jawad AF, McDonald-Mcginn DM, Zackai E, Sullivan KE. Immunologic features of chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (DiGeorge syndrome/velocardiofacial syndrome). J Pediatr. 2001 Nov. 139(5):715-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Tison BE, Nicholas SK, Abramson SL, Hanson IC, Paul ME, Seeborg FO, et al. Autoimmunity in a cohort of 130 pediatric patients with partial DiGeorge syndrome. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Nov. 128(5):1115-7.e1-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Kawamura T, Nimura I, Hanafusa M, Fujikawa R, Okubo M, Egusa G, et al. DiGeorge syndrome with Graves' disease: A case report. Endocr J. 2000 Feb. 47(1):91-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Ham Pong AJ, Cavallo A, Holman GH, Goldman AS. DiGeorge syndrome: long-term survival complicated by Graves disease. J Pediatr. 1985 Apr. 106(4):619-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. DePiero AD, Lourie EM, Berman BW, Robin NH, Zinn AB, Hostoffer RW. Recurrent immune cytopenias in two patients with DiGeorge/velocardiofacial syndrome. J Pediatr. 1997 Sep. 131(3):484-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Lévy A, Michel G, Lemerrer M, Philip N. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in two mothers of children with DiGeorge sequence: a new component manifestation of deletion 22q11?. Am J Med Genet. 1997 Apr 14. 69(4):356-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Sullivan KE, McDonald-McGinn DM, Driscoll DA, Zmijewski CM, Ellabban AS, Reed L, et al. Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis-like polyarthritis in chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (DiGeorge anomalad/velocardiofacial syndrome/conotruncal anomaly face syndrome). Arthritis Rheum. 1997 Mar. 40(3):430-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Gottlieb C, Li Z, Uzel G, Nussenblatt RB, Sen HN. Uveitis in DiGeorge syndrome: a case of autoimmune ocular inflammation in a patient with deletion 22q11.2. Ophthalmic Genet. 2010 Mar. 31(1):24-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

15. Archer E, Chuang TY, Hong R. Severe eczema in a patient with DiGeorge's syndrome. Cutis. 1990 Jun. 45(6):455-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Staple L, Andrews T, McDonald-McGinn D, Zackai E, Sullivan KE. Allergies in patients with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (DiGeorge syndrome/velocardiofacial syndrome) and patients with chronic granulomatous disease. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2005 May. 16(3):226-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Forstner AJ, Degenhardt F, Schratt G, Nothen MM. MicroRNAs as the cause of schizophrenia in 22q11.2 deletion carriers, and possible implications for idiopathic disease: a mini-review. Front Mol Neurosci. 12/2013. 6:47.

18. de la Morena MT, Elitson JL, Dozmorov IM, Belkaya S, Hoover AR, Anguiano E, et al. Signature MicroRNA expression patterns identified in humans with 22q11.2 deletion/DiGeorge syndrome. Clin Immunol. 04/2013. 147:11-22.

19. Goodship J, Cross I, LiLing J, Wren C. A population study of chromosome 22q11 deletions in infancy. Arch Dis Child. 1998 Oct. 79 (4):348-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Oskarsdóttir S, Vujic M, Fasth A. Incidence and prevalence of the 22q11 deletion syndrome: a population-based study in Western Sweden. Arch Dis Child. 2004 Feb. 89 (2):148-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Ryan AK, Goodship JA, Wilson DI, Philip N, Levy A, Seidel H, et al. Spectrum of clinical features associated with interstitial chromosome 22q11 deletions: a European collaborative study. J Med Genet. 1997 Oct. 34(10):798-804. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

22. Bassett AS, Chow EW, Husted J, Hodgkinson KA, Oechslin E, Harris L, et al. Premature death in adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. J Med Genet. 2009 May. 46 (5):324-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. McDonald-McGinn DM, Sullivan KE. Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (DiGeorge syndrome/velocardiofacial syndrome). Medicine (Baltimore). 2011 Jan. 90(1):1-18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Marcinkowski M, Bauer K, Stoltenburg-Didinger G, Vogel M, Versmold H. Fatal aspergillosis with brain abscesses in a neonate with DiGeorge syndrome. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000 Dec. 19(12):1214-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Sánchez-Velasco P, Ocejo-Vinyals JG, Flores R, Gómez-Román JJ, Lozano MJ, Leyva-Cobián F. Simultaneous multiorgan presence of human herpesvirus 8 and restricted lymphotropism of Epstein-Barr virus DNA sequences in a human immunodeficiency virus-negative immunodeficient infant. J Infect Dis. 2001 Jan 15. 183(2):338-342. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Minakawa S, Nakano H, Takeda H, Mizukami H, Yagihashi S, Satou T, et al. Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome associated with severe eczema. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009 Apr. 34(3):410-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Furniss F, Biswas AB, Gumber R, Singh N. Cognitive phenotype of velocardiofacial syndrome: a review. Res Dev Disabil. 2011 Nov-Dec. 32(6):2206-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Hacihamdioglu B, Berberoglu M, Siklar Z, Dogu F, Bilir P, Savas Erdeve S, et al. Case report: two patients with partial DiGeorge syndrome presenting with attention disorder and learning difficulties. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2011. 3(2):95-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

29. Antshel KM, Shprintzen R, Fremont W, Higgins AM, Faraone SV, Kates WR. Cognitive and psychiatric predictors to psychosis in velocardiofacial syndrome: a 3-year follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2010 Apr. 49(4):333-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

30. Sieberer M, Runte I, Wilkening A, Pabst B, Ziegenbein M, Haltenhof H. [Spectrum of neuropsychiatric features associated with velocardiofacial syndrome (Deletion 22q11.2)]. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 2006 May. 74(5):263-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Klaassen P, Duijff S, Swanenburg de Veye H, Vorstman J, Beemer F, Sinnema G. Behavior in preschool children with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2013 Jan. 161A(1):94-101. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Butcher NJ, Kiehl TR, Hazrati LN, Chow EW, Rogaeva E, Lang AE, et al. Association between early-onset Parkinson disease and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: identification of a novel genetic form of Parkinson disease and its clinical implications. JAMA Neurol. 2013 Nov. 70 (11):1359-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Choi JH, Shin YL, Kim GH, Seo EJ, Kim Y, Park IS, et al. Endocrine manifestations of chromosome 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome. Horm Res. 2005. 63(6):294-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Johnston PC, Donnelly DE, Morrison PJ, Hunter SJ. DiGeorge syndrome presenting as late onset hypocalcaemia in adulthood. Ulster Med J. 2008 Sep. 77(3):201-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

35. Kawame H, Adachi M, Tachibana K, Kurosawa K, Ito F, Gleason MM, et al. Graves' disease in patients with 22q11.2 deletion. J Pediatr. 2001 Dec. 139 (6):892-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Markert ML, Devlin BH, Chinn IK, McCarthy EA. Thymus transplantation in complete DiGeorge anomaly. Immunol Res. 2009. 44(1-3):61-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. McDonald-McGinn DM, Reilly A, Wallgren-Pettersson C, et al. Malignancy in chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (DiGeorge syndrome/velocardiofacial syndrome). Am J Med Genet A. 2006 Apr 15. 140(8):906-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Baylis AL, Watson PJ, Moller KT. Structural and functional causes of hypernasality in velocardiofacial syndrome. A pilot study. Folia Phoniatr Logop. 2009. 61(2):93-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. da Silva Dalben G, Richieri-Costa A, de Assis Taveira LA. Tooth abnormalities and soft tissue changes in patients with velocardiofacial syndrome. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2008 Aug. 106(2):e46-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Forbes BJ, Binenbaum G, Edmond JC, DeLarato N, McDonald-McGinn DM, Zackai EH. Ocular findings in the chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. J AAPOS. 2007 Apr. 11(2):179-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Gilmour DF, Downey LM, Sheridan E, Long V, Bradbury J, Inglehearn CF, et al. Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy and DiGeorge syndrome: a new locus for familial exudative vitreoretinopathy on chromosome 22q11.2?. Ophthalmology. 2009 Aug. 116(8):1522-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Binenbaum G, McDonald-McGinn DM, Zackai EH, Walker BM, Coleman K, Mach AM, et al. Sclerocornea associated with the chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Am J Med Genet A. 2008 Apr 1. 146(7):904-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

43. Kokitsu-Nakata NM, Guion-Almeida ML, Richieri-Costa A. 22q11 deletion syndrome and limb anomalies: report on two Brazilian patients. Cleft Palate Craniofac J. 2008 Sep. 45(5):561-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Bittel DC, Yu S, Newkirk H, Kibiryeva N, Holt A 3rd, Butler MG, et al. Refining the 22q11.2 deletion breakpoints in DiGeorge syndrome by aCGH. Cytogenet Genome Res. 2009. 124(2):113-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

45. Cho EH, Park BY, Cho JH, Kang YS. Comparing two diagnostic laboratory tests for several microdeletions causing mental retardation syndromes: multiplex ligation-dependent amplification vs fluorescent in situ hybridization. Korean J Lab Med. 2009 Feb. 29(1):71-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Sørensen KM, Agergaard P, Olesen C, Andersen PS, Larsen LA, Ostergaard JR, et al. Detecting 22q11.2 deletions by use of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification on DNA from neonatal dried blood spot samples. J Mol Diagn. 2010 Mar. 12(2):147-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

47. Naqvi N, Davidson SJ, Wong D, Cullinan P, Roughton M, Doughty VL, et al. Predicting 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: a novel method using the routine full blood count. Int J Cardiol. 2011 Jul 1. 150(1):50-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Knutsen AP, Baker MW, Markert ML. Interpreting low T-cell receptor excision circles in newborns with DiGeorge anomaly: importance of assessing naive T-cell markers. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011 Dec. 128(6):1375-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. de Almeida JR, James AL, Papsin BC, Weksburg R, Clark H, Blaser S. Thyroid gland and carotid artery anomalies in 22q11.2 deletion syndromes. Laryngoscope. 2009 Aug. 119(8):1495-500. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Driscoll DA. Prenatal diagnosis of the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Genet Med. 2001 Jan-Feb. 3(1):14-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Shefi S, Raviv G, Rienstein S, Barkai G, Aviram-Goldring A, Levron J. Fish based preimplantation genetic diagnosis to prevent DiGeorge syndrome. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2009 Jul. 26(7):411-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

52. McDonald-McGinn DM, Zackai EH. Genetic counseling for the 22q11.2 deletion. Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2008. 14(1):69-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Fernández L, Lapunzina P, Arjona D, López Pajares I, García-Guereta L, Elorza D, et al. Comparative study of three diagnostic approaches (FISH, STRs and MLPA) in 30 patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Clin Genet. 2005 Oct. 68(4):373-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Choolani M, Ho SS, Razvi K, Ponnusamy S, Baig S, Fisk NM, et al. FastFISH: technique for ultrarapid fluorescence in situ hybridization on uncultured amniocytes yielding results within 2 h of amniocentesis. Mol Hum Reprod. 2007 Jun. 13(6):355-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Funke BH, Brown AC, Ramoni MF, Regan ME, Baglieri C, Finn CT, et al. A novel, single nucleotide polymorphism-based assay to detect 22q11 deletions. Genet Test. 2007 Spring. 11(1):91-100. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Selim MA, Markert ML, Burchette JL, Herman CM, Turner JW. The cutaneous manifestations of atypical complete DiGeorge syndrome: a histopathologic and immunohistochemical study. J Cutan Pathol. 2008 Apr. 35(4):380-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Bonilla FA, Bernstein IL, Khan DA, Ballas ZK, Chinen J, Frank MM, et al. Practice parameter for the diagnosis and management of primary immunodeficiency. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2005 May. 94(5 Suppl 1):S1-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. [Guideline] Gibson BE, Todd A, Roberts I, Pamphilon D, Rodeck C, Bolton-Maggs P, et al. Transfusion guidelines for neonates and older children. Br J Haematol. 2004 Feb. 124(4):433-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Bassett AS, McDonald-McGinn DM, Devriendt K, Digilio MC, Goldenberg P, Habel A, et al. Practical guidelines for managing patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. J Pediatr. 2011 Aug. 159(2):332-9.e1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

60. Fung WL, Butcher NJ, Costain G, Andrade DM, Boot E, Chow EW, et al. Practical guidelines for managing adults with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Genet Med. 2015 Aug. 17 (8):599-609. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Waters V, Peterson KS, LaRussa P. Live viral vaccines in a DiGeorge syndrome patient. Arch Dis Child. 2007 Jun. 92(6):519-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

62. Azzari C, Gambineri E, Resti M, Moriondo M, Betti L, Saldias LR, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine in children with congenital immunodeficiency (DiGeorge syndrome). Vaccine. 2005 Feb 25. 23(14):1668-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Moylett EH, Wasan AN, Noroski LM, Shearer WT. Live viral vaccines in patients with partial DiGeorge syndrome: clinical experience and cellular immunity. Clin Immunol. 2004 Jul. 112(1):106-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Perez EE, Bokszczanin A, McDonald-McGinn D, Zackai EH, Sullivan KE. Safety of live viral vaccines in patients with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (DiGeorge syndrome/velocardiofacial syndrome). Pediatrics. 2003 Oct. 112(4):e325. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

65. Matarazzo P, Tuli G, Fiore L, Mussa A, Feyles F, Peiretti V, et al. Teriparatide (rhPTH) treatment in children with syndromic hypoparathyroidism. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Aug 14. 1-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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68. Hong R. Thymus transplants: a look to the future. Birth Defects Orig Artic Ser. 1975. 11(1):357-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

69. Markert ML, Devlin BH, Alexieff MJ, Li J, McCarthy EA, Gupton SE, et al. Review of 54 patients with complete DiGeorge anomaly enrolled in protocols for thymus transplantation: outcome of 44 consecutive transplants. Blood. 2007 May 15. 109(10):4539-47. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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71. Markert ML, Devlin BH, Chinn IK, McCarthy EA, Li YJ. Factors affecting success of thymus transplantation for complete DiGeorge anomaly. Am J Transplant. 2008 Aug. 8(8):1729-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

72. Markert ML, Boeck A, Hale LP, Kloster AL, McLaughlin TM, Batchvarova MN, et al. Transplantation of thymus tissue in complete DiGeorge syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1999 Oct 14. 341(16):1180-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

73. McGhee SA, Lloret MG, Stiehm ER. Immunologic reconstitution in 22q deletion (DiGeorge) syndrome. Immunol Res. 2009. 45(1):37-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

74. Habel A, McGinn MJ 2nd, Zackai EH, Unanue N, McDonald-McGinn DM. Syndrome-specific growth charts for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome in Caucasian children. Am J Med Genet A. 2012 Nov. 158A (11):2665-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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76. Rouillon I, Leboulanger N, Roger G, Maulet M, Marlin S, Loundon N, et al. Velopharyngoplasty for noncleft velopharyngeal insufficiency: results in relation to 22q11 microdeletion. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2009 Jul. 135(7):652-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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Erawati V Bawle, MD, FAAP, FACMG Retired Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University School of Medicine

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