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Diagnostic Considerations
In addition to the conditions listed in the differential diagnosis of ventricular septal defect (VSD), other problems to be considered include the following:
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VSD with associated defects
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Atrioventricular (AV) septal defect
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Double-outlet right ventricle (RV) with normally related great arteries
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Mild or moderate subaortic stenosis
Differential Diagnoses
Media Gallery
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Ventricular Septal Defects. A: Image shows a ventricular septum viewed from the right side. It has the following four components: inlet septum from the tricuspid annulus to the attachments of the tricuspid valve (I); trabecular septum from inlet to apex and up to the smooth-walled outlet (T); outlet septum, which extends to the pulmonary valve (O); and membranous septum. B: Anatomic positions of the defects are as follows: outlet defect (a); papillary muscle of the conus (b); perimembranous defect (c); marginal muscular defects (d); central muscular defects (e); inlet defect (f); and apical muscular defects (g).
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Ventricular Septal Defects. Schematic representation of the location of various types of ventricular septal defects (VSDs) from the right ventricular aspect. A = Doubly committed subarterial ventricular septal defect; B = Perimembranous ventricular septal defect; C = Inlet or atrioventricular canal-type ventricular septal defect; D = Muscular ventricular septal defect.
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Ventricular Septal Defects. Supracristal ventricular septal defect (VSD) on computed tomography scanning. Top image: Parasternal long-axis view shows the defect just below the aortic root. Middle image: The plane of sound is tilted to view the right ventricular (RV) outflow tract, and the defect is observed below the pulmonic valve. Bottom image: Parasternal short-axis view shows the ventricular septal defect between the aortic root (Ao) and the pulmonic valve (PV). LA = left atrium; LV = left ventricle; PA = pulmonary artery; RA = right atrium.
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Ventricular Septal Defects. Echocardiogram from a child with a perimembranous ventricular septal defect (VSD). Note the defect at the 10 o'clock position in the parasternal short-axis view. AO = aortic root; LA = left atrium; LV = left ventricle; PA = pulmonary artery; RA = right atrium; RV = right ventricle.
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Ventricular Septal Defects. Apical four-chamber views on computed tomography scanning. A: Image shows a large inlet defect. The defect is posterior and at the level of the atrioventricular valves. B: Image shows a small midmuscular ventricular septal defect. LA = left atrium; LV = left ventricle; PA = pulmonary artery; RA = right atrium; RV = right ventricle.
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