History
The etiology of a metabolic acidosis is often apparent from the patient’s history and physical examination. The following factors are assessed in a complete investigation of the patient's history:
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Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea - In pediatric patients, diarrhea is the most common cause of a metabolic acidosis
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Metabolic acidosis associated with seizures, a depressed sensorium, or both in a neonate - This warrants consideration of an inborn error of metabolism, or neonatal sepsis
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History of depressed mental status, lethargy, and poor feeding in a neonate - Left-sided, obstructive cardiac lesions should be considered (eg, aortic coarctation or hypoplastic left heart syndrome)
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Failure to thrive suggestive of chronic metabolic acidosis - This can be seen in renal insufficiency or RTA
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New onset of polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss - This could signify undiagnosed diabetes mellitus and diabetic ketoacidosis in a child
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Possible ingestion of a toxin or other form of intoxication - Inquire as to what medications are in the home; suspect a poisoning in a healthy child who quickly develops a metabolic acidosis; possible agents are ethanol, ethylene glycol, salicylates, and methanol
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History of trauma, hives, or fever
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History of states associated with a lactic acidosis secondary to shock from hypovolemia, sepsis, cardiac failure, anaphylaxis, or spinal shock
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Chronic medical or surgical issue - Examples to be concerned with include chronic renal failure, presence of a ureterosigmoidostomy, or diabetes mellitus
Physical Examination
Clinical findings generally depend on the etiology and severity of the metabolic acidosis.
Hyperventilation or Kussmaul breathing may often be the first sign of a metabolic acidosis in a child. Breath sounds are often clear to auscultation (“quiet tachypnea”).
Patients with metabolic acidosis secondary to shock may have signs reflective of single- or multiple-organ dysfunction, as follows:
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CNS manifestations may include lethargy, coma, and seizures
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Respiratory manifestations may include tachypnea, respiratory distress, and hypoxemia
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Cardiovascular signs may include poor perfusion, weak pulses, tachycardia, hypotension, murmurs, or a gallop
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Nonspecific abdominal symptoms and signs may be present such as nausea, pain, vomiting, and altered appetite
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Signs of dehydration may include tachycardia, dry mucous membranes, and delayed capillary refill
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Patients with diabetic ketoacidosis may present with fruity odor to their breath
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Approach for evaluating metabolic acidosis.