Molluscum Contagiosum Questions & Answers

1. Connell CO, Oranje A, Van Gysel D, Silverberg NB. Congenital molluscum contagiosum: report of four cases and review of the literature. Pediatr Dermatol. 2008 Sep-Oct. 25(5):553-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Ahn BK, Kim BD, Lee SJ, Lee SH. Molluscum contagiosum infection during the treatment of vitiligo with tacrolimus ointment. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2005 Mar. 52(3 Pt 1):532-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Fery-Blanco C, Pelletier F, Humbert P, Aubin F. [Disseminated molluscum contagiosum during topical treatment of atopic dermatitis with tacrolimus: efficacy of cidofovir]. Ann Dermatol Venereol. 2007 May. 134(5 Pt 1):457-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Wilson LM, Reid CM. Molluscum contagiosum in atopic dermatitis treated with 0.1% tacrolimus ointment. Australas J Dermatol. 2004 Aug. 45(3):184-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Coutu J, Ryerson MR, Bugert J, Brian Nichols D. The Molluscum Contagiosum Virus protein MC163 localizes to the mitochondria and dampens mitochondrial mediated apoptotic responses. Virology. 2017 May. 505:91-101. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Senkevich TG, Koonin EV, Bugert JJ, et al. The genome of molluscum contagiosum virus: analysis and comparison with other poxviruses. Virology. 1997 Jun 23. 233(1):19-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Mahe A, Prual A, Konate M, Bobin P. Skin diseases of children in Mali: a public health problem. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1995 Sep-Oct. 89(5):467-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Konya J, Thompson CH. Molluscum contagiosum virus: antibody responses in persons with clinical lesions and seroepidemiology in a representative Australian population. J Infect Dis. 1999 Mar. 179(3):701-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Becker TM, Blount JH, Douglas J, Judson FN. Trends in molluscum contagiosum in the United States, 1966-1983. Sex Transm Dis. 1986 Apr-Jun. 13(2):88-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Reynolds MG, Holman RC, Yorita Christensen KL, Cheek JE, Damon IK. The Incidence of Molluscum contagiosum among American Indians and Alaska Natives. PLoS One. 2009. 4(4):e5255. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

11. Laxmisha C, Thappa DM, Jaisankar TJ. Clinical profile of molluscum contagiosum in children versus adults. Dermatol Online J. 2003 Dec. 9(5):1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

12. Dohil MA, Lin P, Lee J, Lucky AW, Paller AS, Eichenfield LF. The epidemiology of molluscum contagiosum in children. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 Jan. 54(1):47-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Smolinski KN, Yan AC. How and when to treat molluscum contagiosum and warts in children. Pediatr Ann. 2005 Mar. 34(3):211-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. [Guideline] Clinical Effectiveness Group. National guideline for the management of molluscum contagiosum. Clinical Effectiveness Group (Association of Genitourinary Medicine and the Medical Society for the Study of Venereal Diseases). Sex Transm Infect. 1999 Aug. 75 Suppl 1:S80-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Braue A, Ross G, Varigos G, Kelly H. Epidemiology and impact of childhood molluscum contagiosum: a case series and critical review of the literature. Pediatr Dermatol. 2005 Jul-Aug. 22(4):287-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Molluscum Contagiosum Treatment Options. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/poxvirus/molluscum-contagiosum/treatment.html. October 2, 2017; Accessed: September 18, 2020.

17. Mansur AT, Göktay F, Gündüz S, Serdar ZA. Multiple giant molluscum contagiosum in a renal transplant recipient. Transpl Infect Dis. 2004 Sep. 6(3):120-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Betlloch I, Pinazo I, Mestre F, et al. Molluscum contagiosum in human immunodeficiency virus infection: response to zidovudine. Int J Dermatol. 1989 Jun. 28(5):351-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Freeman CL, Moriarty AT. Molluscum contagiosum presenting as cellulitis in an AIDS patient: cytologic and ultrastructural features. Diagn Cytopathol. 1995 Jun. 12(4):345-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Hornor G. Ano-genital warts in children: Sexual abuse or not?. J Pediatr Health Care. 2004 Jul-Aug. 18(4):165-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Nageswaran A, Kinghorn GR. Sexually transmitted diseases in children: herpes simplex virus infection, cytomegalovirus infection, hepatitis B virus infection and molluscum contagiosum. Genitourin Med. 1993 Aug. 69(4):303-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Munoz-Perez MA, Colmenero MA, Rodriguez-Pichardo A, et al. Disseminated cryptococcosis presenting as molluscum-like lesions as the first manifestation of AIDS. Int J Dermatol. 1996 Sep. 35(9):646-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Buller RM, Burnett J, Chen W, Kreider J. Replication of molluscum contagiosum virus. Virology. 1995 Nov 10. 213(2):655-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Cribier B, Scrivener Y, Grosshans E. Molluscum contagiosum: histologic patterns and associated lesions. A study of 578 cases. Am J Dermatopathol. 2001 Apr. 23(2):99-103. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. [Guideline] Edwards S, Boffa MJ, Janier M, Calzavara-Pinton P, Rovati C, Salavastru CM, et al. 2020 European guideline on the management of genital molluscum contagiosum. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2020 Sep 2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Nguyen HP, Franz E, Stiegel KR, Hsu S, Tyring SK. Treatment of molluscum contagiosum in adult, pediatric, and immunodeficient populations. J Cutan Med Surg. 2014 Sep-Oct. 18(5):299-306. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Hanna D, Hatami A, Powell J, et al. A prospective randomized trial comparing the efficacy and adverse effects of four recognized treatments of molluscum contagiosum in children. Pediatr Dermatol. 2006 Nov-Dec. 23(6):574-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Katz KA, Swetman GL. Imiquimod, molluscum, and the need for a better “best pharmaceuticals for children” act. Pediatrics. 2013 Jul. 132 (1):1-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

29. van der Wouden JC, van der Sande R, van Suijlekom-Smit LW, Berger M, Butler C, Koning S. Interventions for cutaneous molluscum contagiosum. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Oct 7. CD004767. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Katz KA. Dermatologists, imiquimod, and treatment of molluscum contagiosum in children: righting wrongs. JAMA Dermatol. 2015 Feb. 151 (2):125-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Katz KA. Imiquimod is not an effective drug for molluscum contagiosum. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014 May. 14 (5):372-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Guzman AK, Schairer DO, Garelik JL, Cohen SR. Safety and efficacy of topical cantharidin for the treatment of pediatric molluscum contagiosum: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot trial. Int J Dermatol. 2018 Aug. 57 (8):1001-1006. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Go U, Nishimura-Yagi M, Miyata K, Mitsuishi T. Efficacy of combination therapies of topical 5% imiquimod and liquid nitrogen for penile molluscum contagiosum. J Dermatol. 2018 Apr 18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Eichenfield LF, McFalda W, Brabec B, Seigfried E, Swong P, McBride M, et al. Safety and efficacy of BP-102, a proprietary, drug-device combination product containing cantharidin, 0.7% in children and adults with molluscum contagiosum: Two phase 3 randomized clinical trials. JAMA Dermatol. 2020 Dec 1. 156(12):1315-1323. [Full Text].

35. Potassium hydroxide 5% for the treatment of molluscum contagiosum. Drug Ther Bull. 2014 Oct. 52(10):118-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Syed TA, Lundin S, Ahmad M. Topical 0.3% and 0.5% podophyllotoxin cream for self-treatment of molluscum contagiosum in males. A placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Dermatology. 1994. 189(1):65-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Capriotti K, Stewart K, Pelletier J, Capriotti J. Molluscum Contagiosum Treated with Dilute Povidone-Iodine: A Series of Cases. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 2017 Mar. 10 (3):41-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Watanabe T, Tamaki K. Cidofovir diphosphate inhibits molluscum contagiosum virus DNA polymerase activity. J Invest Dermatol. 2008 May. 128(5):1327-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Ordoukhanian E, Lane AT. Warts and molluscum contagiosum: beware of treatments worse than the disease. Postgrad Med. 1997 Feb. 101(2):223-6, 229-32, 235. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Takematsu H, Tagami H. Proinflammatory properties of molluscum bodies. Arch Dermatol Res. 1994. 287(1):102-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Romiti R, Ribeiro AP, Grinblat BM, et al. Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with potassium hydroxide: a clinical approach in 35 children. Pediatr Dermatol. 1999 May-Jun. 16(3):228-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Romiti R, Ribeiro AP, Romiti N. Evaluation of the effectiveness of 5% potassium hydroxide for the treatment of molluscum contagiosum. Pediatr Dermatol. 2000 Nov-Dec. 17(6):495. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Ross GL, Orchard DC. Combination topical treatment of molluscum contagiosum with cantharidin and imiquimod 5% in children: a case series of 16 patients. Australas J Dermatol. 2004 May. 45(2):100-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Mathes EF, Frieden IJ. Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with cantharidin: a practical approach. Pediatr Ann. 2010 Mar. 39(3):124-8, 130. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Niizeki K, Hashimoto K. Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with silver nitrate paste. Pediatr Dermatol. 1999 Sep-Oct. 16(5):395-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Silverberg NB, Sidbury R, Mancini AJ. Childhood molluscum contagiosum: experience with cantharidin therapy in 300 patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000 Sep. 43(3):503-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Cathcart S, Coloe J, Morrell DS. Parental satisfaction, efficacy, and adverse events in 54 patients treated with cantharidin for molluscum contagiosum infection. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2009 Mar. 48(2):161-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Epstein E. Cantharidin treatment of molluscum contagiosum. Acta Derm Venereol. 1989. 69(1):91-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Martin-Garcia RF, Garcia ME, Rosado A. Modified curettage technique for molluscum contagiosum. Pediatr Dermatol. 2007 Mar-Apr. 24(2):192-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Simonart T, De Maertelaer V. Curettage treatment for molluscum contagiosum: a follow-up survey study. Br J Dermatol. 2008 Nov. 159(5):1144-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Squeezing causes less scarring than phenol ablation in molluscum contagiosum. BMJ. 1999 Dec 11. 319(7224):E. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Weller R, O'Callaghan CJ, MacSween RM, White MI. Scarring in Molluscum contagiosum: comparison of physical expression and phenol ablation. BMJ. 1999 Dec 11. 319(7224):1540. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Lindau MS, Munar MY. Use of duct tape occlusion in the treatment of recurrent molluscum contagiosum. Pediatr Dermatol. 2004 Sep-Oct. 21(5):609. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Binder B, Weger W, Komericki P, Kopera D. Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with a pulsed dye laser: Pilot study with 19 children. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2008 Feb. 6(2):121-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Chatproedprai S, Suwannakarn K, Wananukul S, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y. Efficacy of pulsed dyed laser (585 nm) in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum subtype 1. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2007 Sep. 38(5):849-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Hammes S, Greve B, Raulin C. [Molluscum contagiosum: treatment with pulsed dye laser]. Hautarzt. 2001 Jan. 52(1):38-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Hughes PS. Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with the 585-nm pulsed dye laser. Dermatol Surg. 1998 Feb. 24(2):229-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Michel JL. Treatment of molluscum contagiosum with 585 nm collagen remodeling pulsed dye laser. Eur J Dermatol. 2004 Mar-Apr. 14(2):103-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Nelson MR, Chard S, Barton SE. Intralesional interferon for the treatment of recalcitrant molluscum contagiosum in HIV antibody positive individuals--a preliminary report. Int J STD AIDS. 1995 Sep-Oct. 6(5):351-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Inui S, Asada H, Yoshikawa K. Successful treatment of molluscum contagiosum in the immunosuppressed adult with topical injection of streptococcal preparation OK-432. J Dermatol. 1996 Sep. 23(9):628-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Veregen (sinecatechins) Ointment, 15% [package insert]. Planegg/Martinsried, Germany: MediGene AG. 2011.

62. Toro JR, Wood LV, Patel NK. Topical cidofovir: a novel treatment for recalcitrant molluscum contagiosum in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1. Arch Dermatol. 2000 Aug. 136(8):983-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Zabawski EJ Jr, Cockerell CJ. Topical cidofovir for molluscum contagiosum in children. Pediatr Dermatol. 1999 Sep-Oct. 16(5):414-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Burke BE, Baillie JE, Olson RD. Essential oil of Australian lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora) in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum in children. Biomed Pharmacother. 2004 May. 58(4):245-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

65. Di Lernia V, Casanova DM, Simonetti V. Dupilumab may facilitate the clearance of molluscum contagiosum in atopic dermatitis patients. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges. 2020 Sep 2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Badri T, Gandhi GR. Molluscum Contagiosum. StatPearls [Internet]. 2020 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

67. Ogilvie-Turner K, Goldman RD. Cantharidin for molluscum contagiosum. Can Fam Physician. 2020 Jun. 66 (6):419-420. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. Belmesk L, Litvinov IV, Netchiporouk E. SB206, a New Topical Nitric Oxide-Releasing Drug on the Horizon for the Treatment of Molluscum Contagiosum and External Anogenital Warts. J Cutan Med Surg. 2020 Jul/Aug. 24 (4):412-413. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Ashish C Bhatia, MD, FAAD, FACMS Associate Professor of Clinical Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, The Feinberg School of Medicine; Medical Director for Dermatologic Research, Director of Dermatologic, Laser and Cosmetic Surgery, Oak Dermatology

Ashish C Bhatia, MD, FAAD, FACMS is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American College of Mohs Surgery, American Medical Association, American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: Alastin, Allergan, Cutera, Cytrellis, Derm Ed, Derm.MD, Endo Pharmaceuticals, Evolus, Guthy Renker, Medline Industries, Merz, Ortho Dermatologics, Revance Therapeutics, Sebacia, Solta, Theravant, Zalea, ZO Skin, T<br/>Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Allergan, AAD, Cutera, Derm Ed, Evolus, Merz, Ortho, Revance, Sebacia, Theravant<br/>Received research grant from: Revance, Endo Pharmaceuticals<br/>Received income in an amount equal to or greater than $250 from: Alastin, Allergan, Cutera, Cytrellis, Derm Ed, Derm.MD, Endo Pharmaceuticals, Evolus, Guthy Renker, Merz, Ortho Dermatologics, Revance Therapeutics, Sebacia, Sim Skin, Solta, Theravant, Zalea, ZO Skin, .

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