Diaper Dermatitis (Diaper Rash) Workup

1. Ersoy-Evans S, Akıncı H, Doğan S, Atakan N. Diaper Dermatitis: A Review of 63 Children. Pediatr Dermatol. 2016 May. 33 (3):332-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Benitez A, Mendez MD. Diaper Dermatitis. StatPearls [Internet]. 2020 Jan. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

3. Runeman B. Skin interaction with absorbent hygiene products. Clin Dermatol. 2008 Jan-Feb. 26(1):45-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Ravanfar P, Wallace JS, Pace NC. Diaper dermatitis: a review and update. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2012 Aug. 24(4):472-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Ersoy-Evans S, Akıncı H, Doğan S, Atakan N. Diaper Dermatitis: A Review of 63 Children. Pediatr Dermatol. 2016 May. 33 (3):332-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Gustin J, Bohman L, Ogle J, Chaudhary T, Li L, Fadayel G, et al. Use of an emollient-containing diaper and pH-buffered wipe regimen restores skin pH and reduces residual enzymatic activity. Pediatr Dermatol. 2020 Jul. 37 (4):626-631. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Berg RW, Milligan MC, Sarbaugh FC. Association of skin wetness and pH with diaper dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol. 1994 Mar. 11(1):18-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Higuchi R, Mizukoshi M, Koyama H, et al. Intractable diaper dermatitis as an early sign of biotin deficiency. Acta Paediatr. 1998 Feb. 87(2):228-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Jordan WE, Lawson KD, Berg RW, et al. Diaper dermatitis: frequency and severity among a general infant population. Pediatr Dermatol. 1986 Jun. 3(3):198-207. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Adam R. Skin care of the diaper area. Pediatr Dermatol. 2008 Jul-Aug. 25(4):427-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. O'Connor RJ, Sanchez V, Wang Y, Gibb R, Nofziger DL, Bailey M, et al. Evaluation of the Impact of 2 Disposable Diapers in the "Natural" Diaper Category on Diapered Skin Condition. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2019 Jun. 58 (7):806-815. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Vongsa R, Rodriguez K, Koenig D, Cunningham C. Benefits of Using an Appropriately Formulated Wipe to Clean Diapered Skin of Preterm Infants. Glob Pediatr Health. 2019. 6:2333794X19829186. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Sukhneewat C, Chaiyarit J, Techasatian L. Diaper dermatitis: a survey of risk factors in Thai children aged under 24 months. BMC Dermatol. 2019 Jul 2. 19 (1):7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Collipp PJ, Kuo B, Castro-Magana M, et al. Hair zinc, scalp hair quantity, and diaper rash in normal infants. Cutis. 1985 Jan. 35(1):66-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Benedix F, Hermann U, Brod C, et al. [Transient zinc deficiency in preterm infants]. Hautarzt. 2008 Jul. 59(7):563-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Šikić Pogačar M, Maver U, Marčun Varda N, Mičetić-Turk D. Diagnosis and management of diaper dermatitis in infants with emphasis on skin microbiota in the diaper area. Int J Dermatol. 2018 Mar. 57 (3):265-275. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Ramos Pinheiro R, Matos-Pires E, Baptista J, Lencastre A. Granuloma Glutaeale Infantum: A Re-emerging Complication of Diaper Dermatitis. Pediatrics. 2018 Feb. 141 (2):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Saylam Kurtipek G, Ulutas Demirbas G, Demirbas A, Tuncez Akyurek F. A rare complication of diaper rash: Granuloma gluteale infantum. Dermatol Ther. 2020 Jul 16. e14019. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Fölster-Holst R. Differential diagnoses of diaper dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2018 Mar. 35 Suppl 1:s10-s18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Castilho S, Ferreira S, Fortunato F, Santos S. Intertrigo of streptococcal aetiology: a different kind of diaper dermatitis. BMJ Case Rep. 2018 Mar 20. 2018:[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Stamatas GN, Tierney NK. Diaper dermatitis: etiology, manifestations, prevention, and management. Pediatr Dermatol. 2014 Jan-Feb. 31(1):1-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Patrizi A, Neri I, Ricci G, Cipriani F, Ravaioli GM. Advances in pharmacotherapeutic management of common skin diseases in neonates and infants. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2017 May. 18 (7):717-725. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Chiriac A, Birsan C, Podoleanu C, Chiriac AE, Stolnicu S. Pragmatic management of (suspected allergic) diaper dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis. 2017 Feb. 76 (2):129-130. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Blume-Peytavi U, Kanti V. Prevention and treatment of diaper dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2018 Mar. 35 Suppl 1:s19-s23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Xhauflaire-Uhoda E, Henry F, Pierard-Franchimont C, Pierard GE. Electrometric assessment of the effect of a zinc oxide paste in diaper dermatitis. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2009 Oct. 31(5):369-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Manzoni P, Gomirato G. [Effectiveness of topical acetate tocopherol for the prevention and treatment of skin lesions in newborns: a 5 years experience in a 3rd level Italian Neonatal Intensive Care Unit]. Minerva Pediatr. 2005 Oct. 57(5):305-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Nourbakhsh SM, Rouhi-Boroujeni H, Kheiri M, Mobasheri M, Shirani M, Ahrani S, et al. Effect of Topical Application of the Cream Containing Magnesium 2% on Treatment of Diaper Dermatitis and Diaper Rash in Children A Clinical Trial Study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016 Jan. 10 (1):WC04-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Mahmoudi M, Adib-Hajbaghery M, Mashaiekhi M. Comparing the effects of Bentonite & Calendula on the improvement of infantile diaper dermatitis: A randomized controlled trial. Indian J Med Res. 2015 Dec. 142 (6):742-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Blanco D, van Rossem K. A Prospective Two-Year Assessment of Miconazole Resistance in Candida Spp. with Repeated Treatment with 0.25% Miconazole Nitrate Ointment in Neonates and Infants with Moderate to Severe Diaper Dermatitis Complicated by Cutaneous Candidiasis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2013 May 16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Farahani LA, Ghobadzadeh M, Yousefi P. Comparison of the Effect of Human Milk and Topical Hydrocortisone 1% on Diaper Dermatitis. Pediatr Dermatol. 2013 Apr 22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Martin E. Weisse Stephen C. Aronoff. Candida. Kliegman. Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. 18th ed. Saunders; 2007. 231.

32. St Claire K, Bunney R, Ashack KA, Bain M, Braniecki M, Tsoukas MM. Langerhans cell histiocytosis: A great imitator. Clin Dermatol. 2020 Mar - Apr. 38 (2):223-234. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Ruchir Agrawal, MD Chief, Allergy and Immunology, Aurora Sheboygan Clinic

Ruchir Agrawal, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Allergy Asthma and Immunology, American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, American Medical Association, American Academy of Pediatrics

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Vijay Sammeta, MD Medical Information Services, Adventis Pharmaceutical

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Isabelle Thomas, MD Associate Professor, Department of Dermatology, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School; Chief of Dermatology Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center of East Orange

Isabelle Thomas, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robert A Schwartz, MD, MPH Professor and Head of Dermatology, Professor of Pathology, Professor of Pediatrics, Professor of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School

Robert A Schwartz, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, New York Academy of Medicine, Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Dirk M Elston, MD Professor and Chairman, Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina College of Medicine

Dirk M Elston, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Kevin P Connelly, DO Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Division of General Pediatrics and Emergency Care, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine; Medical Director, Paws for Health Pet Visitation Program of the Richmond SPCA; Pediatric Emergency Physician, Emergency Consultants Inc, Chippenham Medical Center

Kevin P Connelly, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Osteopathic Pediatricians, American Osteopathic Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article