Diagnostic Considerations

Patients may or may not carry a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa when presenting to an emergency department for acute care, and other physiologic causes of malnutrition, weight loss, and amenorrhea, including the following, must be ruled out before making the diagnosis:

Cancer
Cardiac valvular disease
Cataracts
Chronic, undiagnosed organic disease (infectious, congenital, or metabolic)
Clostridium difficile colitis, clostridial cholecystitis
Cystic fibrosis (if the patient has pulmonary and/or pancreatic symptoms)
Cytomegalovirus esophagitis, cytomegalovirus colitis
Esophageal motility disorders, esophageal spasm, esophageal stricture^[95]
Inflammatory bowel disease, including Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis
Low vitamin D and calcium levels (hypocalcinosis)
Myeloma
Occult infection (if heart rate is normal or elevated)
Osteopenia
Osteoporosis
Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders associated with streptococcal infection (PANDAS) (rare)^[96]
Pellagra
Rash (due to low zinc)^[97]
Sheehan syndrome
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Differential Diagnoses

Achalasia
Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder
Binge Eating Disorder (BED)
Celiac Disease (Sprue)
Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia
Constipation
Hypothyroidism
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
Malabsorption
Panhypopituitarism
Pediatric Hyperthyroidism
Protein-Losing Enteropathy

Workup

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Author

Bettina E Bernstein, DO Distinguished Fellow, American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry; Distinguished Fellow, American Psychiatric Association; Clinical Assistant Professor of Neurosciences and Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry/Psychiatric Medicine, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine; Clinical Affiliate Medical Staff, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Consultant to Gemma Services, Private Practice; Consultant PMHCC/CBH at Family Court, Philadelphia

Bettina E Bernstein, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, American Psychiatric Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Caroly Pataki, MD Health Sciences Clinical Professor of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine

Caroly Pataki, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York Academy of Sciences, Physicians for Social Responsibility

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Edward Bessman, MD, MBA Chairman and Clinical Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, John Hopkins Bayview Medical Center; Assistant Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Edward Bessman, MD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine