Peroneal Tendon Syndromes Differential Diagnoses

1. Fallat L, Grimm DJ, Saracco JA. Sprained ankle syndrome: prevalence and analysis of 639 acute injuries. J Foot Ankle Surg. 1998 Jul-Aug. 37(4):280-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Heckman DS, Reddy S, Pedowitz D, Wapner KL, Parekh SG. Operative treatment for peroneal tendon disorders. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008 Feb. 90(2):404-18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

3. Rosenfeld P. Acute and chronic peroneal tendon dislocations. Foot Ankle Clin. 2007 Dec. 12(4):643-57, vii. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Sharma A, Parekh SG. Pathologies of the peroneals: a review. Foot Ankle Spec. 2021 Apr. 14 (2):170-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. van Dijk CN, Kort N. Tendoscopy of the peroneal tendons. Arthroscopy. 1998 Jul-Aug. 14(5):471-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Slater HK. Acute peroneal tendon tears. Foot Ankle Clin. 2007 Dec. 12(4):659-74, vii. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Major NM, Helms CA, Fritz RC, Speer KP. The MR imaging appearance of longitudinal split tears of the peroneus brevis tendon. Foot Ankle Int. 2000 Jun. 21(6):514-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Diaz GC, van Holsbeeck M, Jacobson JA. Longitudinal split of the peroneus longus and peroneus brevis tendons with disruption of the superior peroneal retinaculum. J Ultrasound Med. 1998 Aug. 17(8):525-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Sammarco GJ. Peroneal tendon injuries. Orthop Clin North Am. 1994 Jan. 25(1):135-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Sobel M, Geppert MJ, Warren RF. Chronic ankle instability as a cause of peroneal tendon injury. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1993 Nov. 296:187-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Raikin SM, Elias I, Nazarian LN. Intrasheath subluxation of the peroneal tendons. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008 May. 90(5):992-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Neustadter J, Raikin SM, Nazarian LN. Dynamic sonographic evaluation of peroneal tendon subluxation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2004 Oct. 183(4):985-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

13. Mendicino RW, Orsini RC, Whitman SE, Catanzariti AR. Fibular groove deepening for recurrent peroneal subluxation. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2001 Jul-Aug. 40(4):252-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Schweitzer ME, Eid ME, Deely D, Wapner K, Hecht P. Using MR imaging to differentiate peroneal splits from other peroneal disorders. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1997 Jan. 168(1):129-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

15. Kijowski R, De Smet A, Mukharjee R. Magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with peroneal tendinopathy and peroneal tenosynovitis. Skeletal Radiol. 2007 Feb. 36(2):105-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Campbell SE, Warner M. MR imaging of ankle inversion injuries. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2008 Feb. 16(1):1-18, v. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Saxena A, Luhadiya A, Ewen B, Goumas C. Magnetic resonance imaging and incidental findings of lateral ankle pathologic features with asymptomatic ankles. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2011 Jul-Aug. 50(4):413-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Ma L, Meng Q, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Sun H, Deng D. Preliminary use of a double-echo pulse sequence with 3D ultrashort echo time in the MRI of bones and joints. Exp Ther Med. 2013 May. 5(5):1471-1475. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

19. Squires N, Myerson MS, Gamba C. Surgical treatment of peroneal tendon tears. Foot Ankle Clin. 2007 Dec. 12(4):675-95, vii. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Kramer D, Solomon R, Curtis C, Zurakowski D, Micheli LJ. Clinical results and functional evaluation of the Chrisman-Snook procedure for lateral ankle instability in athletes. Foot Ankle Spec. 2011 Feb. 4(1):18-28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Saxena A, Ewen B. Peroneal subluxation: surgical results in 31 athletic patients. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2010 May-Jun. 49(3):238-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Ribbans WJ, Garde A. Tibialis posterior tendon and deltoid and spring ligament injuries in the elite athlete. Foot Ankle Clin. 2013 Jun. 18(2):255-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. DiGiovanni BF, Fraga CJ, Cohen BE, Shereff MJ. Associated injuries found in chronic lateral ankle instability. Foot Ankle Int. 2000 Oct. 21(10):809-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Demetracopoulos CA, Vineyard JC, Kiesau CD, Nunley JA 2nd. Long-term results of debridement and primary repair of peroneal tendon tears. Foot Ankle Int. 2014 Mar. 35 (3):252-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Brodsky JW, Zide JR, Kane JM. Acute Peroneal Injury. Foot Ankle Clin. 2017 Dec. 22 (4):833-841. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Waitches GM, Rockett M, Brage M, Sudakoff G. Ultrasonographic-surgical correlation of ankle tendon tears. J Ultrasound Med. 1998 Apr. 17(4):249-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Kumar Y, Alian A, Ahlawat S, Wukich DK, Chhabra A. Peroneal tendon pathology: Pre- and post-operative high resolution US and MR imaging. Eur J Radiol. 2017 Jul. 92:132-144. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Ho RT, Smith D, Escobedo E. Peroneal tendon dislocation: CT diagnosis and clinical importance. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2001 Nov. 177(5):1193. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

29. Demetracopoulos CA1, Vineyard JC, Kiesau CD, Nunley JA 2nd. Long-Term Results of Debridement and Primary Repair of Peroneal Tendon Tears. Foot Ankle Int. December 2013. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

30. van Dijk PA, Gianakos AL, Kerkhoffs GM, Kennedy JG. Return to sports and clinical outcomes in patients treated for peroneal tendon dislocation: a systematic review. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016 Apr. 24 (4):1155-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

31. Muir JJ, Curtiss HM, Hollman J, Smith J, Finnoff JT. The accuracy of ultrasound-guided and palpation-guided peroneal tendon sheath injections. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2011 Jul. 90(7):564-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Eisenhart AW1, Gaeta TJ, Yens DP. Osteopathic manipulative treatment in the emergency department for patients with acute ankle injuries. J Am Osteopath Assoc. September 2003. 103:417-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Tzoanos G, Manidakis N, Tsavalas N, Katonis P. Non-operative treatment of peroneal split syndrome: a case report. Acta Orthop Belg. 2012 Dec. 78(6):804-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Cloak R, Nevill A, Day S, Wyon M. Six-Week Combined Vibration and Wobble Board Training on Balance and Stability in Footballers With Functional Ankle Instability. Clin J Sport Med. 2013 May 6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. van Dijk PA, Lubberts B, Verheul C, DiGiovanni CW, Kerkhoffs GM. Rehabilitation after surgical treatment of peroneal tendon tears and ruptures. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016 Apr. 24 (4):1165-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

36. Bass, E. Tendinopathy: Why the Difference Between Tendinitis and Tendinosis Matters. Int J Ther Massage Bodywork. 2013 Mar 31. 5:14-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Kim SJ, Song DH, Park JW, Park S, Kim SJ. Effect of Bone Marrow Aspirate Concentrate-Platelet-Rich Plasma on Tendon-Derived Stem Cells and Rotator Cuff Tendon Tear. Cell Transplant. 2017 May 9. 26 (5):867-878. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Young RG, Butler DL, Weber W, Caplan AI, Gordon SL, Fink DJ. Use of mesenchymal stem cells in a collagen matrix for Achilles tendon repair. J Orthop Res. 1998 Jul. 16 (4):406-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Smith RK, Webbon PM. Harnessing the stem cell for the treatment of tendon injuries: heralding a new dawn?. Br J Sports Med. 2005 Sep. 39 (9):582-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Burke CJ, Adler RS. Ultrasound-Guided Percutaneous Tendon Treatments. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2016 Sep. 207 (3):495-506. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Hamid KS, Amendola A. Chronic Rupture of the Peroneal Tendons. Foot Ankle Clin. 2017 Dec. 22 (4):843-850. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Lootsma J, Wuite S, Hoekstra H, Matricali GA. Surgical treatment options for chronic instability of the peroneal tendons: a systematic review and proportional meta-analysis. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2023 Apr. 143 (4):1903-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. van Dijk PA, Lubberts B, Verheul C, DiGiovanni CW, Kerkhoffs GM. Rehabilitation after surgical treatment of peroneal tendon tears and ruptures. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016 Apr. 24 (4):1165-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. McCriskin BJ, Cameron KL, Orr JD, Waterman BR. Management and prevention of acute and chronic lateral ankle instability in athletic patient populations. World J Orthop. 2015 Mar 18. 6 (2):161-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Karageanes SJ. Principles of Manual Sports Medicine. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2005.

Steven J Karageanes, DO, FAOASM Director of Sports Medicine, St Mary Mercy Hospital Livonia; Regional Assistant Dean, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences; Clinical Assistant Professor, Michigan State University College of Osteopathic Medicine

Steven J Karageanes, DO, FAOASM is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association, American Osteopathic Academy of Sports Medicine, American Osteopathic Association, Michigan State Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Kathleen Sharp, MD, CAQSM Staff Physician, Parkland Homes Program

Kathleen Sharp, MD, CAQSM is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Family Physicians, American College of Sports Medicine, National Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Received salary from Medscape for employment. for: Medscape.

Russell D White, MD Clinical Professor of Medicine, Clinical Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Truman Medical Center-Lakewood

Russell D White, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Family Physicians, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Sports Medicine, American Diabetes Association, American Medical Society for Sports Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Craig C Young, MD Professor, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Community and Family Medicine, Medical Director of Sports Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin

Craig C Young, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Family Physicians, American College of Sports Medicine, American Medical Society for Sports Medicine, Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Gerard A Malanga, MD † Founder and Partner, New Jersey Sports Medicine, LLC and New Jersey Regenerative Institute; Director of Research, Atlantic Health; Clinical Professor, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey-New Jersey Medical School; Fellow, American College of Sports Medicine

Gerard A Malanga, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, American College of Sports Medicine, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, International Spine Intervention Society, North American Spine Society

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Lipogems.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article