Guidelines Summary

Screening of newborns

Congenital hypothyroidism is included in the RUSP (Recommended Uniform Screening Panel) list of disorders to be screened at birth recommended by the Department of Health and Human Services.^[80]The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines include an algorithm for screening and interpreting results.^[56]

The European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology (ESPE) guidelines recommend performing a second screening for the following infants^[57]:

Preterm, low-birth weight (LBW) and very low-birth weight (VLBW) neonates
Infants admitted to neonatal intensive care units (NICU)
Infants originally tested within the first 24 hours of life
Multiple births (particularly same-sex twins)

Treatment

The AAP, ESPE, and American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines all agree that levothyroxine replacement at a dose of 10–15 μg/kg/day should be initiated once newborn screening is positive. Additional key recommendations from ESPE include the following^[57]:

Levothyroxine treatment should be initiated as soon as possible and no later than 2 weeks after birth or immediately after confirmatory serum test results in infants with congenital thyroidism detected by a second screening test.
Infants with severe disease, as defined by a very low pretreatment TT4 or FT4 concentration, should be treated with the highest initial dose
LT4 should be administered orally; if intravenous treatment is necessary, the dose should be no more than 80% of the oral dose, The dose should then be adjusted according to TSH and FT4 determinations.

Medication

Harris KB, Pass KA. Increase in congenital hypothyroidism in New York State and in the United States. Mol Genet Metab. 2007 Jul. 91(3):268-77. [Medline].
Hinton CF, Harris KB, Borgfeld L, Drummond-Borg M, Eaton R, Lorey F. Trends in incidence rates of congenital hypothyroidism related to select demographic factors: data from the United States, California, Massachusetts, New York, and Texas. Pediatrics. 2010 May. 125 Suppl 2:S37-47. [Medline].
Nicholas AK, Serra EG, Cangul H, et al. Comprehensive Screening of Eight Known Causative Genes in Congenital Hypothyroidism With Gland-in-Situ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016 Dec. 101 (12):4521-4531. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Parks JS, Lin M, Grosse SD, Hinton CF, Drummond-Borg M, Borgfeld L. The impact of transient hypothyroidism on the increasing rate of congenital hypothyroidism in the United States. Pediatrics. 2010 May. 125 Suppl 2:S54-63. [Medline].
McClure RD. Goiter prophylaxis with iodized salt. Science. 1935 Oct 18. 82(2129):370-371. [Medline].
Klein AH, Meltzer S, Kenny FM. Improved prognosis in congenital hypothyroidism treated before age three months. J Pediatr. 1972 Nov. 81(5):912-5. [Medline].
Klein AH, Agustin AV, Foley TP Jr. Successful laboratory screening for congenital hypothyroidism. Lancet. 1974 Jul 13. 2(7872):77-9. [Medline].
Buist NR, Murphey WF, Brandon GR, Foley TP Jr, Penn RL. Letter: Neonatal screening for hypothyroidism. Lancet. 1975 Nov 1. 2(7940):872-3. [Medline].
Dussault JH, Parlow A, Letarte J, Guyda H, Laberge C. TSH measurements from blood spots on filter paper: a confirmatory screening test for neonatal hypothyroidism. J Pediatr. 1976 Oct. 89(4):550-2. [Medline].
Larsen PR, Merker A, Parlow AF. Immunoassay of human TSH using dried blood samples. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1976 May. 42(5):987-90. [Medline].
Stoll C, Dott B, Alembik Y, Koehl C. Congenital anomalies associated with congenital hypothyroidism. Ann Genet. 1999. 42(1):17-20. [Medline].
Zakarija M, McKenzie JM, Eidson MS. Transient neonatal hypothyroidism: characterization of maternal antibodies to the thyrotropin receptor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990 May. 70(5):1239-46. [Medline].
Brown RS, Bellisario RL, Botero D, Fournier L, Abrams CA, Cowger ML. Incidence of transient congenital hypothyroidism due to maternal thyrotropin receptor-blocking antibodies in over one million babies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 Mar. 81(3):1147-51. [Medline].
Cortinhas Alves EA, Andrade RC, de Melo Amaral CE, Fernandes Caldato MC, Rocha Bastos AM, da Silva LC. Evaluation of the tshr gene reveals polymorphisms associated with typical symptoms in primary congenital hypothyroidism. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Sep 10. [Medline].
Perry RJ, Maroo S, Maclennan AC, Jones JH, Donaldson MD. Combined ultrasound and isotope scanning is more informative in the diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism than single scanning. Arch Dis Child. 2006 Dec. 91(12):972-6. [Medline].
Lowery GH, Aster RH, Carr EA, Ramon G, Beierwates WH, Spafford NR. Early Diagnostic Criteria of Congenital Hypothyroidism: A Comprehensive Study of Forty-Nine Cretins. Am J Dis Child. 1958. 96(2):131-143.
Bongers-Schokking JJ, Koot HM, Wiersma D, et al. Influence of timing and dose of thyroid hormone replacement on development in infants with congenital hypothyroidism. J Pediatr. 2000 Mar. 136(3):292-7. [Medline].
[Guideline] Donaldson M, Jones J. Optimising outcome in congenital hypothyroidism; current opinions on best practice in initial assessment and subsequent management. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2013 Mar 4. 5 Suppl 1:13-22. [Medline].
LaFranchi SH, Austin J. How should we be treating children with congenital hypothyroidism?. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2007 May. 20(5):559-78. [Medline].
Selva KA, Harper A, Downs A, Blasco PA, Lafranchi SH. Neurodevelopmental outcomes in congenital hypothyroidism: comparison of initial T4 dose and time to reach target T4 and TSH. J Pediatr. 2005 Dec. 147(6):775-80. [Medline].
Campos SP, Sandberg DE, Barrick C, Voorhess ML, MacGillivray MH. Outcome of lower L-thyroxine dose for treatment of congenital hypothyroidism. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1995 Oct. 34(10):514-20. [Medline].
Cao XY, Jiang XM, Dou ZH, Rakeman MA, Zhang ML, O'Donnell K. Timing of vulnerability of the brain to iodine deficiency in endemic cretinism. N Engl J Med. 1994 Dec 29. 331(26):1739-44. [Medline].
Luca P, Davide C, Daniela C, et al. Genetics and phenomics of hypothyroidism due to TSH resistance. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2010 Jan 18. [Medline].
Evans C, Jordan NJ, Owens G, Bradley D, Ludgate M, John R. Potent thyrotrophin receptor-blocking antibodies: a cause of transient congenital hypothyroidism and delayed thyroid development. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004 Mar. 150(3):265-8. [Medline].
l'Allemand D, Grüters A, Beyer P, Weber B. Iodine in contrast agents and skin disinfectants is the major cause for hypothyroidism in premature infants during intensive care. Horm Res. 1987. 28(1):42-9. [Medline].
Medda E, Olivieri A, Stazi MA, et al. Risk factors for congenital hypothyroidism: results of a population case-control study (1997-2003). Eur J Endocrinol. 2005 Dec. 153(6):765-73. [Medline].
Kurinczuk JJ, Bower C, Lewis B, Byrne G. Congenital hypothyroidism in Western Australia 1981-1998. J Paediatr Child Health. 2002 Apr. 38(2):187-91. [Medline].
Medda E, Olivieri A, Stazi MA, Grandolfo ME, Fazzini C, Baserga M. Risk factors for congenital hypothyroidism: results of a population case-control study (1997-2003). Eur J Endocrinol. 2005 Dec. 153(6):765-73. [Medline].
Olivieri A, Medda E, De Angelis S, Valensise H, De Felice M, Fazzini C, et al. High risk of congenital hypothyroidism in multiple pregnancies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Aug. 92(8):3141-7. [Medline].
Kurtoglu S, Keskin M, Koklu E, Akcakus M, Atabek ME, Hatipoglu N. Congenital goiter in premature twins due to propylthiouracil treatment. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jul. 20(7):771. [Medline].
Devos H, Rodd C, Gagne N, Laframboise R, Van Vliet G. A search for the possible molecular mechanisms of thyroid dysgenesis: sex ratios and associated malformations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Jul. 84(7):2502-6. [Medline].
Akindahunsi AA, Grissom FE, Adewusi SR, Afolabi OA, Torimiro SE, Oke OL. Parameters of thyroid function in the endemic goitre of Akungba and Oke-Agbe villages of Akoko area of southwestern Nigeria. Afr J Med Med Sci. 1998 Sep-Dec. 27(3-4):239-42. [Medline].
Delange F. Neonatal thyroid screening as a monitoring tool for the control of iodine deficiency. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 1999 Dec. 88(432):21-4. [Medline].
Keshavarzian E, Valipoor AA, Maracy MR. The incidence of congenital hypothyroidism and its determinants from 2012 to 2014 in Shadegan, Iran: a case-control study. Epidemiol Health. 2016. 38:e2016021. [Medline].
Khanjani N, Ahmadzadeh A, Bakhtiari B, Madadizadeh F. The role of season and climate in the incidence of congenital hypothyroidism in Kerman province, Southeastern Iran. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2017 Feb 1. 30 (2):149-157. [Medline].
Alfadhel M, Al Othaim A, Al Saif S, et al. Expanded Newborn Screening Program in Saudi Arabia: Incidence of screened disorders. J Paediatr Child Health. 2017 Jun. 53 (6):585-591. [Medline].
Kara C, Günindi F, Can Yılmaz G, Aydın M. Transient Congenital Hypothyroidism in Turkey: An Analysis on Frequency and Natural Course. J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol. 2016 Jun 5. 8 (2):170-9. [Medline].
Azar-Kolakez A, Ecosse E, Dos Santos S, Léger J. All-Cause and Disease-specific Mortality and Morbidity in Patients With Congenital Hypothyroidism Treated Since the Neonatal Period: A National Population-based Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Feb. 98(2):785-93. [Medline].
Grosse SD, Van Vliet G. Prevention of intellectual disability through screening for congenital hypothyroidism: how much and at what level?. Arch Dis Child. 2011 Jan 31. [Medline].
Leger J, Ecosse E, Roussey M, Lanoe JL, Larroque B,. Subtle Health Impairment and Socioeducational Attainment in Young Adult Patients with Congenital Hypothyroidism Diagnosed by Neonatal Screening: A Longitudinal Population-Based Cohort Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Mar 9. [Medline].
Rovet J, Ehrlich R, Sorbara D. Intellectual outcome in children with fetal hypothyroidism. J Pediatr. 1987 May. 110(5):700-4. [Medline].
Rovet JF. Children with congenital hypothyroidism and their siblings: do they really differ?. Pediatrics. 2005 Jan. 115(1):e52-7. [Medline].
Simoneau-Roy J, Marti S, Deal C, Huot C, Robaey P, Van Vliet G. Cognition and behavior at school entry in children with congenital hypothyroidism treated early with high-dose levothyroxine. J Pediatr. 2004 Jun. 144(6):747-52. [Medline].
Waller DK, Anderson JL, Lorey F, Cunningham GC. Risk factors for congenital hypothyroidism: an investigation of infant's birth weight, ethnicity, and gender in California, 1990-1998. Teratology. 2000 Jul. 62(1):36-41. [Medline].
Ares S, Escobar-Morreale HF, Quero J, Durán S, Presas MJ, Herruzo R, et al. Neonatal hypothyroxinemia: effects of iodine intake and premature birth. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997 Jun. 82(6):1704-12. [Medline].
Kugelman A, Riskin A, Bader D, Koren I. Pitfalls in screening programs for congenital hypothyroidism in premature newborns. Am J Perinatol. 2009 May. 26(5):383-5. [Medline].
Osborn DA. Thyroid hormones for preventing neurodevelopmental impairment in preterm infants. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2001. CD001070. [Medline].
Thomas Jde V, Collett-Solberg PF. Perinatal goiter with increased iodine uptake and hypothyroidism due to excess maternal iodine ingestion. Horm Res. 2009. 72(6):344-7. [Medline].
Frassetto F, Tourneur Martel F, Barjhoux CE, Villier C, Bot BL, Vincent F. Goiter in a newborn exposed to lithium in utero. Ann Pharmacother. 2002 Nov. 36(11):1745-8. [Medline].
Gallagher MP, Schachner HC, Levine LS, Fisher DA, Berdon WE, Oberfield SE. Neonatal thyroid enlargement associated with propylthiouracil therapy of Graves' disease during pregnancy: a problem revisited. J Pediatr. 2001 Dec. 139(6):896-900. [Medline].
Pavan-Senn CC, Nesi-França S, Pelaez J, Pereira RM, Boguszewski MC, Sandrini Neto R, et al. [Transient neonatal hypothyroidism due to amiodarone administration during pregnancy--two cases report and review of literature]. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2008 Feb. 52(1):126-30. [Medline].
Lomenick JP, Jackson WA, Backeljauw PF. Amiodarone-induced neonatal hypothyroidism: a unique form of transient early-onset hypothyroidism. J Perinatol. 2004 Jun. 24(6):397-9. [Medline].
Ordookhani A, Pearce EN, Mirmiran P, Azizi F, Braverman LE. Transient congenital hypothyroidism in an iodine-replete area is not related to parental consanguinity, mode of delivery, goitrogens, iodine exposure, or thyrotropin receptor autoantibodies. J Endocrinol Invest. 2008 Jan. 31(1):29-34. [Medline].
Korzeniewski SJ, Grigorescu V, Kleyn M, Young WI, Birbeck G, Todem D. Transient hypothyroidism at 3-year follow-up among cases of congenital hypothyroidism detected by newborn screening. J Pediatr. 2013 Jan. 162(1):177-82. [Medline].
Srinivasan R, Harigopal S, Turner S, Cheetham T. Permanent and transient congenital hypothyroidism in preterm infants. Acta Paediatr. 2012 Apr. 101(4):e179-82. [Medline].
[Guideline] American Academy of Pediatrics, Rose SR, American Thyroid Association, Brown RS, Lawson Wilkins Pediatric Endocrine Society., Foley T, et al. Update of newborn screening and therapy for congenital hypothyroidism. Pediatrics. 2006 Jun. 117 (6):2290-303. [Medline]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Léger J, Olivieri A, Donaldson M, Torresani T, Krude H, van Vliet G, et al. European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology consensus guidelines on screening, diagnosis, and management of congenital hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Feb. 99 (2):363-84. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Saleh DS, Lawrence S, Geraghty MT, Gallego PH, McAssey K, Wherrett DK, et al. Prediction of congenital hypothyroidism based on initial screening thyroid-stimulating-hormone. BMC Pediatr. 2016 Feb 2. 16:24. [Medline].
Finnegan JT, Slosberg EJ, Postellon DC, Primack WA. Congenital nephrotic syndrome detected by hypothyroid screening. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1980 Sep. 69(5):705-6. [Medline].
Trimarchi F, Gemelli M, Benvenga S, Genova R, De Luca F. Transient congenital hypothyroidism in an infant with congenital nephrosis of Finnish type. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1983 Jan. 72(1):145-7. [Medline].
Keller-Petrot I, Leger J, Sergent-Alaoui A, de Labriolle-Vaylet C. Congenital Hypothyroidism: Role of Nuclear Medicine. Semin Nucl Med. 2017 Mar. 47 (2):135-142. [Medline].
Zung A, Tenenbaum-Rakover Y, Barkan S, Hanukoglu A, Hershkovitz E, Pinhas-Hamiel O. Neonatal hyperthyrotropinemia: population characteristics, diagnosis, management and outcome after cessation of therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009 May 18. [Medline].
Perry RJ, Maroo S, Maclennan AC, Jones JH, Donaldson MD. Combined ultrasound and isotope scanning is more informative in the diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism than single scanning. Arch Dis Child. 2006 Dec. 91(12):972-6. [Medline].
Schoen EJ, Clapp W, To TT, Fireman BH. The key role of newborn thyroid scintigraphy with isotopic iodide (123I) in defining and managing congenital hypothyroidism. Pediatrics. 2004 Dec. 114(6):e683-8. [Medline].
Wassner AJ, Brown RS. Congenital hypothyroidism: recent advances. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2015 Oct. 22 (5):407-12. [Medline].
Lomenick JP, Wang L, Ampah SB, Saville BR, Greenwald FI. Generic levothyroxine compared with synthroid in young children with congenital hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Feb. 98(2):653-8. [Medline].
Carswell JM, Gordon JH, Popovsky E, Hale A, Brown RS. Generic and brand-name L-thyroxine are not bioequivalent for children with severe congenital hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Feb. 98(2):610-7. [Medline]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Jonklaas J, Bianco AC, Bauer AJ, Burman KD, Cappola AR, Celi FS, et al. Guidelines for the treatment of hypothyroidism: prepared by the american thyroid association task force on thyroid hormone replacement. Thyroid. 2014 Dec. 24 (12):1670-751. [Medline]. [Full Text].
Hindmarsh PC. Optimisation of thyroxine dose in congenital hypothyroidism. Arch Dis Child. 2002 Feb. 86(2):73-5. [Medline].
Raymond J, LaFranchi SH. Fetal and neonatal thyroid function: review and summary of significant new findings. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2010 Feb. 17(1):1-7. [Medline].
Rovet JF. In search of the optimal therapy for congenital hypothyroidism. J Pediatr. 2004 Jun. 144(6):698-700. [Medline].
Bagattini B, Cosmo CD, Montanelli L, Piaggi P, Ciampi M, Agretti P, et al. The different requirement of L-T4 therapy in congenital athyreosis compared with adult-acquired hypothyroidism suggests a persisting thyroid hormone resistance at the hypothalamic-pituitary level. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014 Nov. 171 (5):615-21. [Medline].
Chen ZP, Hetzel BS. Cretinism revisited. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Feb. 24(1):39-50. [Medline].
Chorazy PA, Himelhoch S, Hopwood NJ, Greger NG, Postellon DC. Persistent hypothyroidism in an infant receiving a soy formula: case report and review of the literature. Pediatrics. 1995 Jul. 96(1 Pt 1):148-50. [Medline].
Conrad SC, Chiu H, Silverman BL. Soy formula complicates management of congenital hypothyroidism. Arch Dis Child. 2004 Jan. 89(1):37-40. [Medline].
Benmiloud M, Chaouki ML, Gutekunst R, Teichert HM, Wood WG, Dunn JT. Oral iodized oil for correcting iodine deficiency: optimal dosing and outcome indicator selection. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1994 Jul. 79(1):20-4. [Medline].
Tonglet R, Bourdoux P, Minga T, Ermans AM. Efficacy of low oral doses of iodized oil in the control of iodine deficiency in Zaire. N Engl J Med. 1992 Jan 23. 326(4):236-41. [Medline].
Bargagna S, Dinetti D, Pinchera A, et al. School attainments in children with congenital hypothyroidism detected by neonatal screening and treated early in life. Eur J Endocrinol. 1999 May. 140(5):407-13. [Medline].
Eugster EA, LeMay D, Zerin JM, Pescovitz OH. Definitive diagnosis in children with congenital hypothyroidism. J Pediatr. 2004 May. 144(5):643-7. [Medline].
[Guideline] Watson MS. Newborn Screening: Towards a Uniform Screening Panel and System. Genetic Med. 2006. 8(5) Suppl:S12-S252. [Full Text].
Penny R, Frasier SD. Elevated serum concentrations of triiodothyronine in hypothyroid patients. Values for patients receiving USP thyroid. Am J Dis Child. 1980 Jan. 134(1):16-8. [Medline].
[Guideline] Jones JH, Donaldson MD. Audit of initial management of congenital hypothyroidism in the United Kingdom--comparison of UK practice with European and UK guidelines. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2009 Nov. 22(11):1017-25. [Medline].
Hertzberg V, Mei J, Therrell BL. Effect of laboratory practices on the incidence rate of congenital hypothyroidism. Pediatrics. 2010 May. 125 Suppl 2:S48-53. [Medline].
Sedassari Ade A, de Souza LR, Sedassari Nde A, Borges Mde F, Palhares HM, de Andrade Neto GB. Sonographic evaluation of children with congenital hypothyroidism. Radiol Bras. 2015 Jul-Aug. 48 (4):220-4. [Medline].
Delange F. Iodine deficiency as a cause of brain damage. Postgrad Med J. 2001 Apr. 77(906):217-20. [Medline].
Fagman H, Nilsson M. Morphogenesis of the thyroid gland. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2009 Dec 21. [Medline].

Media Gallery

An infant with cretinism. Note the hypotonic posture, coarse facial features, and umbilical hernia.
Note the macroglossia.
An infant shown a few months after starting thyroid hormone replacement.
Infant a few months after starting thyroid hormone replacement.

of 4

Author

Maala S Daniel, MBBS Attending Physician, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital

Maala S Daniel, MBBS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Medical Student Association/Foundation, Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Daniel C Postellon, MD Associate Professor or Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine; Consulting Staff, Pediatric Endocrine Clinic, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital

Daniel C Postellon, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, Endocrine Society, Pediatric Endocrine Society, American Diabetes Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Barry B Bercu, MD Professor, Departments of Pediatrics, Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, All Children's Hospital

Barry B Bercu, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American Medical Association, American Pediatric Society, Association of Clinical Scientists, Endocrine Society, Florida Medical Association, Pediatric Endocrine Society, Society for Pediatric Research, Southern Society for Pediatric Research, Society for the Study of Reproduction, American Federation for Clinical Research, Pituitary Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Sasigarn A Bowden, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine; Pediatric Endocrinologist, Associate Fellowship Program Director, Division of Endocrinology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital; Affiliate Faculty/Principal Investigator, Center for Clinical Translational Research, Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital

Sasigarn A Bowden, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, Central Ohio Pediatric Society, Endocrine Society, International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes, Pediatric Endocrine Society, Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Additional Contributors

Arlan L Rosenbloom, MD Adjunct Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine; Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics; Fellow of the American College of Epidemiology

Arlan L Rosenbloom, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Epidemiology, American Pediatric Society, Endocrine Society, Pediatric Endocrine Society, Society for Pediatric Research, Florida Chapter of The American Academy of Pediatrics, Florida Pediatric Society, International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

The author wishes to thank Thomas P Foley Jr, for his instruction and for his efforts in diagnosing and managing this disease.

Congenital Hypothyroidism Guidelines

Guidelines Summary

Screening of newborns

Treatment

About

Membership

Apps

WebMD Network

Editions

Congenital Hypothyroidism Guidelines

Guidelines Summary

Screening of newborns

Treatment

References

Tables

Contributor Information and Disclosures

What would you like to print?

Find Us On

About

Membership

Apps

WebMD Network

Editions