Katsarou A, Gudbjornsdottir S, Rawshani A, et al. Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017 Mar 30. 3:17016. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2010 Jan. 33 Suppl 1:S62-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] International Expert Committee Report on the Role of the A1C Assay in the Diagnosis of Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009 Jun 5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Standards of medical care in diabetes--2011. Diabetes Care. 2011 Jan. 34 Suppl 1:S11-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Pihoker C, Forsander G, Wolfsdorf J, Klingensmith GJ. The delivery of ambulatory diabetes care to children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2009 Sep. 10 Suppl 12:58-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Rosenbloom AL, Silverstein JH, Amemiya S, Zeitler P, Klingensmith GJ. Type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2009 Sep. 10 Suppl 12:17-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Porter JR, Barrett TG. Acquired non-type 1 diabetes in childhood: subtypes, diagnosis, and management. Arch Dis Child. 2004 Dec. 89(12):1138-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Barrett TG. Differential diagnosis of type 1 diabetes: which genetic syndromes need to be considered?. Pediatr Diabetes. 2007 Oct. 8 Suppl 6:15-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Hattersley A, Bruining J, Shield J, Njolstad P, Donaghue KC. The diagnosis and management of monogenic diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2009 Sep. 10 Suppl 12:33-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Clarke W, Jones T, Rewers A, Dunger D, Klingensmith GJ. Assessment and management of hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2009 Sep. 10 Suppl 12:134-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Hershey T, Perantie DC, Warren SL, et al. Frequency and timing of severe hypoglycemia affects spatial memory in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2005 Oct. 28(10):2372-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Patiño-Fernández AM, Delamater AM, Applegate EB, et al. Neurocognitive functioning in preschool-age children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Diabetes. 2010 Sep. 11(6):424-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Nakhla M, Rahme E, Simard M, Larocque I, Legault L, Li P. Risk of ketoacidosis in children at the time of diabetes mellitus diagnosis by primary caregiver status: a population-based retrospective cohort study. CMAJ. 2018 Apr 9. 190 (14):E416-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Andreasson R, Ekelund C, Landin-Olsson M, Nilsson C. HbA1c levels in children with type 1 diabetes and correlation to diabetic retinopathy. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Mar 28. 31 (4):369-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
d'Annunzio G, Malvezzi F, Vitali L, Barone C, Giacchero R, Klersy C, et al. A 3-19-year follow-up study on diabetic retinopathy in patients diagnosed in childhood and treated with conventional therapy. Diabet Med. 1997 Nov. 14(11):951-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Jones CA, Leese GP, Kerr S, et al. Development and progression of microalbuminuria in a clinic sample of patients with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Arch Dis Child. 1998 Jun. 78(6):518-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Walter-Holiner I, Barbarini DS, Lutschg J, et al. High Prevalence and Incidence of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Results From a Five-Year Prospective Cohort Study. Pediatr Neurol. 2018 Mar. 80:51-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Barkai L, Madacsy L. Cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in diabetes mellitus. Arch Dis Child. 1995 Dec. 73(6):515-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Cho YH, Craig ME, Jopling T, Chan A, Donaghue KC. Higher body mass index predicts cardiac autonomic dysfunction: a longitudinal study in adolescent type 1 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018 Jan 31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Mohn A, Di Michele S, Di Luzio R, et al. The effect of subclinical hypothyroidism on metabolic control in children andadolescents with Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med. 2002 Jan. 19(1):70-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Barera G, Bonfanti R, Viscardi M, et al. Occurrence of celiac disease after onset of type 1 diabetes: a 6-year prospectivelongitudinal study. Pediatrics. 2002 May. 109(5):833-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Infante JR, Rosenbloom AL, Silverstein JH, et al. Changes in frequency and severity of limited joint mobility in children withtype 1 diabetes mellitus between 1976-78 and 1998. J Pediatr. 2001 Jan. 138(1):33-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Chan CL, Pyle L, Morehead R, Baumgartner A, Cree-Green M, Nadeau KJ. The role of glycemia in insulin resistance in youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2016 Aug 9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Gloyn AL, Pearson ER, Antcliff JF, Proks P, Bruining GJ, Slingerland AS. Activating mutations in the gene encoding the ATP-sensitive potassium-channel subunit Kir6.2 and permanent neonatal diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2004 Apr 29. 350(18):1838-49. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Patterson CC, Carson DJ, Hadden DR. Epidemiology of childhood IDDM in Northern Ireland 1989-1994: low incidence in areas with highest population density and most household crowding. Northern Ireland Diabetes Study Group. Diabetologia. 1996 Sep. 39(9):1063-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Hyoty H, Hiltunen M, Knip M, et al. A prospective study of the role of coxsackie B and other enterovirus infections in the pathogenesis of IDDM. Childhood Diabetes in Finland (DiMe) Study Group. Diabetes. 1995 Jun. 44(6):652-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Barrett CE, Koyama AK, Alvarez P, et al. Risk for Newly Diagnosed Diabetes >30 Days After SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Persons Aged MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep</i>. 2022 Jan 7. 71:[Full Text].
Tucker ME. COVID-19 Associated With Increased Diabetes Risk in Youth. Medscape Medical News. 2022 Jan 10. [Full Text].
Kendall EK, Olaker VR, Kaelber DC, Xu R, Davis PB. Association of SARS-CoV-2 Infection With New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes Among Pediatric Patients From 2020 to 2021. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Sep 1. 5 (9):e2233014. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Cromer SJ, Colling C, Schatoff D, et al. Newly diagnosed diabetes vs. pre-existing diabetes upon admission for COVID-19: Associated factors, short-term outcomes, and long-term glycemic phenotypes. J Diabetes Complications. 2022 Feb 4. 108145. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Mohr SB, Garland CF, Gorham ED, Garland FC. The association between ultraviolet B irradiance, vitamin D status and incidence rates of type 1 diabetes in 51 regions worldwide. Diabetologia. 2008 Aug. 51(8):1391-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Dabelea D, Bell RA, D'Agostino RB Jr, Imperatore G, Johansen JM. Incidence of diabetes in youth in the United States. JAMA. 2007 Jun 27. 297(24):2716-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Mayer-Davis EJ, Lawrence JM, Dabelea D, et al. Incidence Trends of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes among Youths, 2002-2012. N Engl J Med. 2017 Apr 13. 376 (15):1419-29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Silink M. Childhood diabetes: a global perspective. Horm Res. 2002. 57 Suppl 1:1-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Soltesz G, Patterson CC, Dahlquist G. Worldwide childhood type 1 diabetes incidence--what can we learn from epidemiology?. Pediatr Diabetes. 2007 Oct. 8 Suppl 6:6-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Craig ME, Hattersley A, Donaghue KC. Definition, epidemiology and classification of diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2009 Sep. 10 Suppl 12:3-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Felner EI, Klitz W, Ham M, Lazaro AM, Stastny P, Dupont B. Genetic interaction among three genomic regions creates distinct contributions to early- and late-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus. Pediatr Diabetes. 2005 Dec. 6(4):213-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
DiLiberti JH, Lorenz RA. Long-term trends in childhood diabetes mortality: 1968-1998. Diabetes Care. 2001 Aug. 24(8):1348-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Dahlquist G, Kallen B. Mortality in childhood-onset type 1 diabetes: a population-based study. Diabetes Care. 2005 Oct. 28(10):2384-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Edge JA, Ford-Adams ME, Dunger DB. Causes of death in children with insulin dependent diabetes 1990-96. Arch Dis Child. 1999 Oct. 81(4):318-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Koltin D, Daneman D. Dead-in-bed syndrome - a diabetes nightmare. Pediatr Diabetes. 2008 Oct. 9(5):504-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Harjutsalo V, Forsblom C, Groop PH. Time trends in mortality in patients with type 1 diabetes: nationwide population based cohort study. BMJ. 2011 Sep 8. 343:d5364. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
DCCT Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1993 Sep 30. 329(14):977-86. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Gallego PH, Wiltshire E, Donaghue KC. Identifying children at particular risk of long-term diabetes complications. Pediatr Diabetes. 2007 Oct. 8 Suppl 6:40-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Donaghue KC, Chiarelli F, Trotta D, Allgrove J, Dahl-Jorgensen K. Microvascular and macrovascular complications associated with diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2009 Sep. 10 Suppl 12:195-203. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kordonouri O, Maguire AM, Knip M, et al. Other complications and associated conditions with diabetes in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2009 Sep. 10 Suppl 12:204-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Siller AF, Lugar H, Rutlin J, et al. Severity of clinical presentation in youth with type 1 diabetes is associated with differences in brain structure. Pediatr Diabetes. 2016 Aug 2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Dabelea D, Stafford JM, Mayer-Davis EJ, et al. Association of Type 1 Diabetes vs Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosed During Childhood and Adolescence With Complications During Teenage Years and Young Adulthood. JAMA. 2017 Feb 28. 317 (8):825-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Tucker ME. Type 1 Diabetes Raises COVID-19 Risk in Kids if A1c Is High. Medscape Medical News. 2021 Mar 22. [Full Text].
Swift PG. Diabetes education in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2009 Sep. 10 Suppl 12:51-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Brink S, Laffel L, Likitmaskul S, et al. Sick day management in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2009 Sep. 10 Suppl 12:146-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
CDC. National Diabetes Fact Sheet. United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/pdf/ndfs_2003.pdf.
[Guideline] Mosca A, Goodall I, Hoshino T, et al. Global standardization of glycated hemoglobin measurement: the position of the IFCC Working Group. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2007. 45(8):1077-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Nansel TR, Iannotti RJ, Liu A. Clinic-integrated behavioral intervention for families of youth with type 1 diabetes: randomized clinical trial. Pediatrics. 2012 Apr. 129(4):e866-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Clar C, Waugh N, Thomas S. Routine hospital admission versus out-patient or home care in children at diagnosisof type 1 diabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003. CD004099. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Uusitalo U, Liu X, Yang J, et al, for the TEDDY Study Group. Probiotic use in infancy and islet autoimmunity in The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young (TEDDY) study [abstract 170]. Presented at: European Association for the Study of Diabetes 2014 Meeting; Vienna, Austria; September 18, 2014. [Full Text].
McCall B. Probiotics cut autoimmunity 33% in infants at risk for diabetes. Medscape Medical News. September 19, 2014. [Full Text].
Smart C, Aslander-van Vliet E, Waldron S. Nutritional management in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2009 Sep. 10 Suppl 12:100-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Robertson K, Adolfsson P, Scheiner G, Hanas R, Riddell MC. Exercise in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2009 Sep. 10 Suppl 12:154-68. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Kaufman FR, Halvorson M, Carpenter S. Association between diabetes control and visits to a multidisciplinary pediatric diabetes clinic. Pediatrics. 1999 May. 103(5 Pt 1):948-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Silverstein J, Klingensmith G, Copeland K, et al. Care of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a statement of the AmericanDiabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2005 Jan. 28(1):186-212. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Pihoker C, Forsander G, Wolfsdorf J, Klingensmith GJ. The delivery of ambulatory diabetes care: structures, processes, and outcomes of ambulatory diabetes care. Pediatr Diabetes. 2008 Dec. 9(6):609-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
[Guideline] American Diabetes Association. 12. Children and Adolescents: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2018. Diabetes Care. 2018 Jan. 41 (Suppl 1):S126-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Garg SK, Voelmle MK, Beatson CR, et al. Use of continuous glucose monitoring in subjects with type 1 diabetes on multiple daily injections versus continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy: a prospective 6-month study. Diabetes Care. 2011 Mar. 34 (3):574-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Health Quality Ontario . Continuous Monitoring of Glucose for Type 1 Diabetes: A Health Technology Assessment. Ont Health Technol Assess Ser. 2018. 18 (2):1-160. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Battelino T, Phillip M, Bratina N, Nimri R, Oskarsson P, Bolinder J. Effect of continuous glucose monitoring on hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011 Apr. 34 (4):795-800. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
What is the pancreas? What is an artificial pancreas device system?. FDA. Available at https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/HomeHealthandConsumer/ConsumerProducts/ArtificialPancreas/ucm259548.htm. Dec 17, 2017; Accessed: Jun 25, 2018.
FDA approves first automated insulin delivery device for type 1 diabetes. FDA. Available at http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm522974.htm. Sep 28, 2016; Accessed: Jun 25, 2018.
Busko M. FDA Approves Artificial Pancreas for Children With Type 1 Diabetes. Medscape Medical News. 2018 Jun 22. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Tucker ME. ADA Issues New Guidance on Type 1 Diabetes in Youth. Medscape Medical News. 2018 Aug 10. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Chiang JL, Maahs DM, Garvey KC, et al. Type 1 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents: A Position Statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care. 2018 Sep. 41 (9):2026-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] Donaghue KC, Marcovecchio ML, Wadwa RP, et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: microvascular and macrovascular complications in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018 Oct. 19 Suppl 27:262-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
[Guideline] DiMeglio LA, Acerini CL, Codner E, et al. ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2018: glycemic control targets and glucose monitoring for children, adolescents, and young adults with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018 Oct. 19 Suppl 27:105-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Bangstad HJ, Danne T, Deeb L, Jarosz-Chobot P, Urakami T, Hanas R. Insulin treatment in children and adolescents with diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes. 2009 Sep. 10 Suppl 12:82-99. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Danne T, Deiss D, Hopfenmuller W, et al. Experience with insulin analogues in children. Horm Res. 2002. 57 Suppl 1:46-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Siebenhofer A, Plank J, Berghold A, et al. Short acting insulin analogues versus regular human insulin in patients withdiabetes mellitus. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004. CD003287. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Willi SM, Planton J, Egede L, Schwarz S. Benefits of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in children with type1 diabetes. J Pediatr. 2003 Dec. 143(6):796-801. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Mortensen HB, Hougaard P. Comparison of metabolic control in a cross-sectional study of 2,873 children and adolescents with IDDM from 18 countries. The Hvidore Study Group on Childhood Diabetes [published erratum appears in Diabetes Care 1997 Jul;20(7):1216]. Diabetes Care. 1997 May. 20(5):714-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Danne T, Mortensen HB, Hougaard P, et al. Persistent differences among centers over 3 years in glycemic control and hypoglycemiain a study of 3,805 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes from the Hvidøre Study Group. Diabetes Care. 2001 Aug. 24(8):1342-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Herold KC, Bundy BN, Long SA, and the, Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group. An Anti-CD3 Antibody, Teplizumab, in Relatives at Risk for Type 1 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019 Aug 15. 381 (7):603-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Sims EK, Bundy BN, Stier K, and the, Type 1 Diabetes TrialNet Study Group. Teplizumab improves and stabilizes beta cell function in antibody-positive high-risk individuals. Sci Transl Med. 2021 Mar 3. 13 (583):[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].
Tucker ME. Disordered Eating Common in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/810127. Accessed: September 6, 2013.
Wisting L, Froisland DH, Skrivarhaug T, Dahl-Jorgensen K, Ro O. Disturbed Eating Behavior and Omission of Insulin in Adolescents Receiving Intensified Insulin Treatment: A nationwide population-based study. Diabetes Care. 2013 Aug 20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Riquetto AD, de Noronha RM, Matsuo EM, et al. Thyroid function and autoimmunity in children and adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2015 Jul 17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Virk SA, Donaghue KC, Wong TY, Craig ME. Interventions for Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 1 Diabetes: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Ophthalmol. 2015 Jul 23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].
Jefferies CA, Nakhla M, Derraik JG, Gunn AJ, Daneman D, Cutfield WS. Preventing Diabetic Ketoacidosis. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2015 Aug. 62 (4):857-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].