Hyperpituitarism Questions & Answers

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4. Trivellin G, Daly AF, Faucz FR, et al. Gigantism and acromegaly due to Xq26 microduplications and GPR101 mutation. N Engl J Med. 2014 Dec 18. 371 (25):2363-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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8. Gan HW, Alatzoglou KS, Dattani MT. Disorders of hypothalamo‐pituitary axis. Dattani MT, Brook CGD, eds. Brook's Clinical Pediatric Endocrinology. 7th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell; 2019. 133-74.

9. Devoe DJ, Miller WL, Conte FA, et al. Long-term outcome in children and adolescents after transsphenoidal surgery for Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997. 82:3196-202. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Kasum M, Oreskovic S, Zec I, et al. Macroprolactinemia: new insights in hyperprolactinemia. Biochem Med (Zagreb). 2012. 22(2):171-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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12. Lonser RR, Ksendzovsky A, Wind JJ, Vortmeyer AO, Oldfield EH. Prospective evaluation of the characteristics and incidence of adenoma-associated dural invasion in Cushing disease. J Neurosurg. 2012 Feb. 116(2):272-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. van der Lely AJ, Biller BM, Brue T, et al. Long-term safety of pegvisomant in patients with acromegaly: comprehensive review of 1288 subjects in ACROSTUDY. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 May. 97(5):1589-97. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Avramides A, Karapiperis A, Triantafyllidou E, et al. TSH-secreting pituitary macroadenoma in an 11-year-old girl. Acta Paediatr. 1992. 81:1058-1060. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Benveniste RJ, King WA, Walsh J, et al. Repeated transsphenoidal surgery to treat recurrent or residual pituitary adenoma. J Neurosurg. 2005. 102:1004-1012. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Booth GL, Redelmeier DA, Grosman H, et al. Improved diagnostic accuracy of inferior petrosal sinus sampling over imaging for localizing pituitary pathology in patients with Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Jul. 83(7):2291-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Ciccarelli A, Daly AF, Beckers A. The epidemiology of prolactinomas. Pituitary. 2005. 8:3-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Colao A, Loche S, Cappabianca P. Pituitary adenomas in children and adolescents. Clinical presentation, diagnosis, and therapeutic strategies. The Endocrinologist. 2000. 10:314-27.

19. Colao A, Lombardi G. Growth-hormone and prolactin excess. Lancet. 1998 Oct 31. 352(9138):1455-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Cozzi R, Attanasio R, Barausse M, et al. Cabergoline in acromegaly: a renewed role for dopamine agonist treatment?. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998 Nov. 139(5):516-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. [Guideline] Cozzi R, Baldelli R, Colao A, Lasio G, Zini M, Attanasio R. AME Position Statement on clinical management of acromegaly. J Endocrinol Invest. 2009. 32(6 Suppl):2-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. de Boer L, Hoogerbrugge CM, van Doorn J, et al. Plasma insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), IGF-Binding proteins (IGFBPs), acid-labile subunit (ALS) and IGFBP-3 proteolysis in individuals with clinical characteristics of Sotos syndrome. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2004. 17:615-27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. De Menis E, Visentin A, Billeci D, et al. Pituitary adenomas in childhood and adolescence. Clinical analysis of 10 cases. J Endocrinol Invest. 2001. 24:92-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Dhillon KS, Cohan P, Kelly DF, et al. Treatment of hyperthyroidism associated with thyrotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas with iopanoic acid. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004. 89:708-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

25. Duncan E, Wass JA. Investigation protocol: acromegaly and its investigation. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999 Mar. 50(3):285-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Eugster EA, Pescovitz OH. Gigantism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Dec. 84(12):4379-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Gillam MP, Fideleff H, Boquete HR, Molitch ME. Prolactin excess: treatment and toxicity. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2004. 2:108-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Giustina A, Barkan A, Casanueva FF, et al. Criteria for cure of acromegaly: a consensus statement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Feb. 85(2):526-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Gsponer J, De Tribolet N, Deruaz JP, et al. Diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of pituitary tumors and other abnormal intrasellar masses. Retrospective analysis of 353 patients. Medicine (Baltimore). 1999. 78:236-69. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Herman V, Fagin J, Gonsky R, et al. Clonal origin of pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990 Dec. 71(6):1427-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Herman-Bonert VS, Zib K, Scarlett JA, Melmed S. Growth hormone receptor antagonist therapy in acromegalic patients resistant to somatostatin analogs. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Aug. 85(8):2958-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

32. Howell DL, Wasilewski K, Mazewski CM, et al. The use of high-dose daily cabergoline in an adolescent patient with macroprolactinoma. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2005. 27:326-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Joshi SM, Hewitt RJ, Storr HL, et al. Cushing's disease in children and adolescents: 20 years of experience in a single neurosurgical center. Neurosurgery. 2005. 57:281-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Kanter AS, Diallo AO, Jane JA Jr, et al. Single-center experience with pediatric Cushing's disease. J Neurosurg. 2005. 103:413-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Kiehna EN, Keil M, Lodish M, Stratakis C, Oldfield EH. Pseudotumor cerebri after surgical remission of Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010. 95:1528-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

36. Kunwar S, Wilson CB. Pediatric pituitary adenomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Dec. 84(12):4385-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Lafferty AR, Chrousos GP. Pituitary tumors in children and adolescents. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999 Dec. 84(12):4317-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Lonser RR, Wind JJ, Nieman LK, Weil RJ, DeVroom HL, Oldfield EH. Outcome of surgical treatment of 200 children with Cushing's disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Mar. 98(3):892-901. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Melmed S, Jackson I, Kleinberg D, Klibanski A. Current treatment guidelines for acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998 Aug. 83(8):2646-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

40. Mindermann T, Wilson CB. Pediatric pituitary adenomas. Neurosurgery. 1995 Feb. 36(2):259-68; discussion 269. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Newman CB. Medical therapy for acromegaly. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1999 Mar. 28(1):171-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Ng LL, Chasalow FI, Escobar O, Blethen SL. Growth hormone isoforms in a girl with gigantism. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 1999. 126:99-106. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Oliveira Mda C, Abech DD, Barbosa-Coutinho LM, Ferreira NP. Macroprolactinoma at 6 years of age: diagnostic difficulties. [Portuguese]. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 1992. 50:397-401. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Orth DN. Cushing's syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1995 Mar 23. 332(12):791-803. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Pandey P, Ojha BK, Mahapatra AK. Pediatric pituitary adenoma: a series of 42 patients. J Clin Neurosci. 2005. 12:124-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Rix M, Laurberg P, Hoejberg AS, Brock-Jacobsen B. Pegvisomant therapy in pituitary gigantism: successful treatment in a 12-year-old girl. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005. 153:195-201. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Sakazume S, Obata K, Takahashi E, et al. Bromocriptine treatment of prolactinoma restores growth hormone secretion and causes catch-up growth in a prepubertal child. Eur J Pediatr. 2004. 163:472-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Smallridge RC. Thyrotropin-secreting pituitary tumors. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 1987. 16:765-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. [Guideline] Stewart PM, Petersenn S. Rationale for treatment and therapeutic options in Cushing's disease. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009. 23 Suppl 1:S15-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Storr HL, Afshar F, Matson M, et al. Factors influencing cure by transsphenoidal selective adenomectomy in paediatric Cushing's disease. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005. 152:825-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Tamura T, Tanaka R, Korii K, Okazaki H. Pediatric pituitary adenoma. Endocr J. 2000. 47:S95-S99. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Trainer PJ, Drake WM, Katznelson L, et al. Treatment of acromegaly with the growth hormone-receptor antagonist pegvisomant. N Engl J Med. 2000 Apr 20. 342(16):1171-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. van Haelst MM, Hoogeboom JJ, Baujat G, et al. Familial gigantism caused by an NSD1 mutation. Am J Med Genet A. 2005. 139:40-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. van Haute FR, Taboada GF, Corrêa LL, Lima GA, Fontes R, Riello AP, et al. Prevalence of sleep apnea and metabolic abnormalities in patients with acromegaly and analysis of cephalometric parameters by magnetic resonance imaging. Eur J Endocrinol. 2008. 158:459-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Yang MH, Chuang H, Jung SM, et al. Pituitary apoplexy due to prolactinoma in a Taiwanese boy: patient report and review of the literature. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2003. 16:1301-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Alicia Diaz-Thomas, MD, MPH Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine

Alicia Diaz-Thomas, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: Endocrine Society, International Society for Clinical Densitometry, Pediatric Endocrine Society, Tennessee Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Melanie Shim, MD Pediatric Endocrinologist, Mapunapuna Medical Office, Kaiser Permanente Medical Group

Melanie Shim, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Diabetes Association, Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

George P Chrousos, MD, FAAP, MACP, MACE, FRCP(London) Professor and Chair, First Department of Pediatrics, Athens University Medical School, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Greece; UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, University of Athens, Greece

George P Chrousos, MD, FAAP, MACP, MACE, FRCP(London) is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Physicians, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Clinical Investigation, Association of American Physicians, Endocrine Society, Pediatric Endocrine Society, Society for Pediatric Research, American College of Endocrinology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robert P Hoffman, MD Professor and Program Director, Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine; Pediatric Endocrinologist, Division of Pediatric, Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Nationwide Children's Hospital

Robert P Hoffman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Pediatricians, American Diabetes Association, American Pediatric Society, Christian Medical and Dental Associations, Endocrine Society, Midwest Society for Pediatric Research, Pediatric Endocrine Society, Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Thomas A Wilson, MD Professor of Clinical Pediatrics, Chief and Program Director, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, The School of Medicine at Stony Brook University Medical Center

Thomas A Wilson, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Endocrine Society, Pediatric Endocrine Society, Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robert J Ferry Jr, MD Le Bonheur Chair of Excellence in Endocrinology, Professor and Chief, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center

Robert J Ferry Jr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Diabetes Association, American Medical Association, Endocrine Society, Pediatric Endocrine Society, Society for Pediatric Research, and Texas Pediatric Society

Disclosure: Eli Lilly & Co Grant/research funds Investigator; MacroGenics, Inc Grant/research funds Investigator; Ipsen, SA (formerly Tercica, Inc) Grant/research funds Investigator; NovoNordisk SA Grant/research funds Investigator; Diamyd Grant/research funds Investigator; Bristol-Myers-Squibb Grant/research funds Other; Amylin Other; Pfizer Grant/research funds Other; Takeda Grant/research funds Other

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