Acromioclavicular Joint Injury Questions & Answers

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10. Tossy JD, Mead NC, Sigmond HM. Acromioclavicular separations: useful and practical classification for treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1963. 28:111-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Injuries to the acromioclavicular joint. Rockwood CA, Green DP, eds. Fractures in Adults. Philadelphia, Pa: JB Lippincott; 1984. 860-91.

12. Melenevsky Y, Yablon CM, Ramappa A, Hochman MG. Clavicle and acromioclavicular joint injuries: a review of imaging, treatment, and complications. Skeletal Radiol. 2011 Jul. 40(7):831-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Rockwood CA, Wilkins KE, King RE, eds. Fractures in Children. Philadelphia, Pa: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers; 1984. Vol 3: 631.

14. Laprade RF, Surowiec RK, Sochanska AN, Hentkowski BS, Martin BM, Engebretsen L, et al. Epidemiology, identification, treatment and return to play of musculoskeletal-based ice hockey injuries. Br J Sports Med. 2014 Jan. 48(1):4-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Lynch TS, Saltzman MD, Ghodasra JH, Bilimoria KY, Bowen MK, Nuber GW. Acromioclavicular joint injuries in the national football league: epidemiology and management. Am J Sports Med. 2013 Dec. 41(12):2904-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Hibberd EE, Kerr ZY, Roos KG, Djoko A, Dompier TP. Epidemiology of Acromioclavicular Joint Sprains in 25 National Collegiate Athletic Association Sports: 2009-2010 to 2014-2015 Academic Years. Am J Sports Med. 2016 Oct. 44 (10):2667-2674. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Goodman AD, Raducha JE, DeFroda SF, Gil JA, Owens BD. Shoulder and elbow injuries in NCAA football players, 2009-2010 through 2013-2014. Phys Sportsmed. 2019 Sep. 47 (3):323-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Goodman AD, Twomey-Kozak J, DeFroda SF, Owens BD. Epidemiology of shoulder and elbow injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association wrestlers, 2009-2010 through 2013-2014. Phys Sportsmed. 2018 Sep. 46 (3):361-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Goodman AD, Etzel C, Raducha JE, Owens BD. Shoulder and elbow injuries in soccer goalkeepers versus field players in the National Collegiate Athletic Association, 2009-2010 through 2013-2014. Phys Sportsmed. 2018 Sep. 46 (3):304-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Bergfeld JA, Andrish JT, Clancy WG. Evaluation of the acromioclavicular joint following first- and second-degree sprains. Am J Sports Med. 1978 Jul-Aug. 6(4):153-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Cox JS. The fate of the acromioclavicular joint in athletic injuries. Am J Sports Med. 1981 Jan-Feb. 9(1):50-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Slawski DP, Cahill BR. Atraumatic osteolysis of the distal clavicle. Results of open surgical excision. Am J Sports Med. 1994 Mar-Apr. 22(2):267-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Cahill BR. Osteolysis of the distal part of the clavicle in male athletes. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1982 Sep. 64(7):1053-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Freedman BA, Javernick MA, O'Brien FP, Ross AE, Doukas WC. Arthroscopic versus open distal clavicle excision: comparative results at six months and one year from a randomized, prospective clinical trial. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2007 Jul-Aug. 16(4):413-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Williams GR, Nguyen VD, Rockwood CA. Classification and radiographic analysis of acromioclavicular dislocations. Appl Radiol. Feb 1989. 29-34.

26. Tischer T, Salzmann GM, El-Azab H, Vogt S, Imhoff AB. Incidence of associated injuries with acute acromioclavicular joint dislocations types III through V. Am J Sports Med. 2009 Jan. 37(1):136-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Pauly S, Gerhardt C, Haas NP, Scheibel M. Prevalence of concomitant intraarticular lesions in patients treated operatively for high-grade acromioclavicular joint separations. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2009 May. 17(5):513-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Hudson VJ. Evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of shoulder injuries in athletes. Clin Sports Med. 2010 Jan. 29(1):19-32, table of contents. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Nemec U, Oberleitner G, Nemec SF, Gruber M, Weber M, Czerny C, et al. MRI versus radiography of acromioclavicular joint dislocation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011 Oct. 197(4):968-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Heers G, Hedtmann A. Correlation of ultrasonographic findings to Tossy's and Rockwood's classification of acromioclavicular joint injuries. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2005 Jun. 31(6):725-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Faruch Bilfeld M, Lapègue F, Chiavassa Gandois H, Bayol MA, Bonnevialle N, Sans N. Ultrasound of the coracoclavicular ligaments in the acute phase of an acromioclavicular disjonction: Comparison of radiographic, ultrasound and MRI findings. Eur Radiol. 2016 May 28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Alyas F, Curtis M, Speed C, Saifuddin A, Connell D. MR imaging appearances of acromioclavicular joint dislocation. Radiographics. 2008 Mar-Apr. 28(2):463-79; quiz 619. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Wojtys EM, Nelson G. Conservative treatment of Grade III acromioclavicular dislocations. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1991 Jul. 112-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Press J, Zuckerman JD, Gallagher M, Cuomo F. Treatment of grade III acromioclavicular separations. Operative versus nonoperative management. Bull Hosp Jt Dis. 1997. 56(2):77-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Schlegel TF, Burks RT, Marcus RL, Dunn HK. A prospective evaluation of untreated acute grade III acromioclavicular separations. Am J Sports Med. 2001 Nov-Dec. 29(6):699-703. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Leidel BA, Braunstein V, Kirchhoff C, Pilotto S, Mutschler W, Biberthaler P. Consistency of long-term outcome of acute Rockwood grade III acromioclavicular joint separations after K-wire transfixation. J Trauma. 2009 Jun. 66(6):1666-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Leidel BA, Braunstein V, Pilotto S, Mutschler W, Kirchhoff C. Mid-term outcome comparing temporary K-wire fixation versus PDS augmentation of Rockwood grade III acromioclavicular joint separations. BMC Res Notes. 2009 May 9. 2:84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

38. DeBerardino TM, Pensak MJ, Ferreira J, Mazzocca AD. Arthroscopic stabilization of acromioclavicular joint dislocation using the AC graftrope system. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2010 Mar. 19(2 Suppl):47-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Chang N, Furey A, Kurdin A. Operative Versus Nonoperative Management of Acute High-Grade Acromioclavicular Dislocations: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Orthop Trauma. 2018 Jan. 32 (1):1-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Kibler WB, Sciascia A. Acromioclavicular joint injuries revisited: Pathoanatomy, pathomechanics, and clinical presentation. Shoulder Elbow. 2022 Oct. 14 (5):470-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

41. Gstettner C, Tauber M, Hitzl W, Resch H. Rockwood type III acromioclavicular dislocation: surgical versus conservative treatment. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2008 Mar-Apr. 17(2):220-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Choi SW, Lee TJ, Moon KH, Cho KJ, Lee SY. Minimally invasive coracoclavicular stabilization with suture anchors for acute acromioclavicular dislocation. Am J Sports Med. 2008 May. 36(5):961-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Rolf O, Hann von Weyhern A, Ewers A, Boehm TD, Gohlke F. Acromioclavicular dislocation Rockwood III-V: results of early versus delayed surgical treatment. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2008 Oct. 128(10):1153-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Kumar S, Penematsa SR, Selvan T. Surgical reconstruction for chronic painful acromioclavicular joint dislocations. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2007 Aug. 127(6):481-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Ammon JT, Voor MJ, Tillett ED. A biomechanical comparison of Bosworth and poly-L lactic acid bioabsorbable screws for treatment of acromioclavicular separations. Arthroscopy. 2005 Dec. 21(12):1443-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Kim SH, Lee YH, Shin SH, Lee YH, Baek GH. Outcome of conjoined tendon and coracoacromial ligament transfer for the treatment of chronic type V acromioclavicular joint separation. Injury. 2012 Feb. 43(2):213-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Smith TO, Chester R, Pearse EO, Hing CB. Operative versus non-operative management following Rockwood grade III acromioclavicular separation: a meta-analysis of the current evidence base. J Orthop Traumatol. 2011 Mar. 12(1):19-27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

48. Bosworth BM. Acromioclavicular separation: New method of repair. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1941. 73:866-871.

49. Weaver JK, Dunn HK. Treatment of acromioclavicular injuries, especially complete acromioclavicular separation. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1972 Sep. 54(6):1187-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Bezer M, Saygi B, Aydin N, Kucukdurmaz F, Ekinci G, Guven O. Quantification of acromioclavicular reduction parameters after the Weaver-Dunn procedure. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2009 Aug. 129(8):1017-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Abat F, Sarasquete J, Natera LG, Calvo Á, Pérez-España M, Zurita N, et al. Biomechanical analysis of acromioclavicular joint dislocation repair using coracoclavicular suspension devices in two different configurations. J Orthop Traumatol. 2015 Mar 5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Tauber M. Management of acute acromioclavicular joint dislocations: current concepts. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2013 Jul. 133(7):985-95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Trainer G, Arciero RA, Mazzocca AD. Practical management of grade III acromioclavicular separations. Clin J Sport Med. 2008 Mar. 18(2):162-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Nissen CW, Chatterjee A. Type III acromioclavicular separation: results of a recent survey on its management. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ). 2007 Feb. 36(2):89-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Phillips AM, Smart C, Groom AF. Acromioclavicular dislocation. Conservative or surgical therapy. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1998 Aug. 10-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Lizaur A, Sanz-Reig J, Gonzalez-Parreño S. Long-term results of the surgical treatment of type III acromioclavicular dislocations: an update of a previous report. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2011 Aug. 93(8):1088-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Stine IA, Vangsness CT Jr. Analysis of the capsule and ligament insertions about the acromioclavicular joint: a cadaveric study. Arthroscopy. 2009 Sep. 25(9):968-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Brett D Owens, MD Director, Sports Medicine Research Lab, Director, Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedics, The Miriam Hospital, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University; Partner, Director, Cartilage Research Lab, University Orthopedics, Inc; Professor, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University; Professor, Department of Epidemiology, Brown University School of Public Health; Professor, Department of Surgery, F Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences

Brett D Owens, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Orthopaedic Association, American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, Arthroscopy Association of North America, Herodicus Society, Magellan Society - Orthopaedic Research and Education Foundation, Orthopaedic Trauma Association, Society of Military Orthopaedic Surgeons

Disclosure: Received consulting fee from Musculoskeletal Transplant Foundation/CONMED for consulting; Received consulting fee from Johnson & Johnson (MITEK) for consulting; Received royalty from Elsevier, SLACK Publishing, and Springer for other; Received salary from American Journal of Sports Medicine for employment.

Craig C Young, MD Professor, Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Community and Family Medicine, Medical Director of Sports Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin

Craig C Young, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Family Physicians, American College of Sports Medicine, American Medical Society for Sports Medicine, Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Roy Alson, MD, PhD, FACEP, FAAEM Associate Professor, Department of Emergency Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine; Medical Director, Forsyth County EMS; Deputy Medical Advisor, North Carolina Office of EMS; Associate Medical Director, North Carolina Baptist AirCare

Roy Alson, MD, PhD, FACEP, FAAEM is a member of the following medical societies: Air Medical Physician Association, American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, National Association of EMS Physicians, North Carolina Medical Society, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, and World Association for Disaster and Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Reed L Bartz, MD Consulting Staff, Division of Sports Medicine, Nebraska Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine PC

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

David T Bernhardt, MD Director of Adolescent and Sports Medicine Fellowship, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics/Ortho and Rehab, Division of Sports Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health

David T Bernhardt, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Sports Medicine, and American Medical Society for Sports Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Lynn A Crosby, MD, FACS Chief of Shoulder Division, Professor, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Wright State University School of Medicine

Lynn A Crosby, MD, FACS is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American College of Sports Medicine, American College of Surgeons, American Fracture Association, American Medical Association, American Medical Tennis Association, American Orthopaedic Association, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society, Arthroscopy Association of North America, Mid-AmericaOrthopaedicAssociation, and Orthopaedic Research Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Moira Davenport, MD Attending Physician, Departments of Emergency Medicine and Orthopedic Surgery, Allegheny General Hospital

Moira Davenport, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Thomas P Goss, MD Chief of Shoulder Surgery, Professor, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Massachusetts Memorial Health Care

Thomas P Goss, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Orthopaedic Association, Massachusetts Medical Society, and Orthopaedic Trauma Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robert Josey, MD Consulting Staff, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Orthopaedic Specialists of Austin

Robert Josey, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Medical Association, Phi Beta Kappa, and Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Joseph Kim, MD Chairman, Department of Emergency Medicine, Western Medical Center; Clinical Instructor, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Cappi Lay, MD Staff Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Bellevue Hospital

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pekka A Mooar, MD Professor, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Temple University School of Medicine

Pekka A Mooar, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Brett D Owens, MD Associate Professor of Surgery, F Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of Health Sciences

Brett D Owens, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, American Orthopaedic Association, American Orthopaedic Society for Sports Medicine, Arthroscopy Association of North America, Orthopaedic Trauma Association, and Society of Military Orthopaedic Surgeons

Disclosure: Musculoskeletal Transplant Foundation Consulting fee Consulting; Johnson & Johnson (MITEK) Consulting fee Consulting; SLACK Publishing Royalty Other; American Journal of Sports Medicine Salary Employment

David Prybyla, MD Community Orthopedic Surgeon, Lowell, MA

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Tom Scaletta, MD President, Smart-ER (http://smart-er.net); Chair, Department of Emergency Medicine, Edward Hospital; Past-President, American Academy of Emergency Medicine

Tom Scaletta, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

L Edward Seade, MD Chief of Shoulder Service, Orthopaedic Specialists of Austin

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Russell D White, MD Professor of Medicine, Professor of Orthopedic Surgery, Director of Sports Medicine Fellowship Program, Medical Director, Sports Medicine Center, Head Team Physician, University of Missouri-Kansas City Intercollegiate Athletic Program, Department of Community and Family Medicine, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Medicine, Truman Medical Center-Lakewood

Russell D White, MD, is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Family Physicians, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Sports Medicine, American Diabetes Association, and American Medical Society for Sports Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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