Pediatric Growth Hormone Deficiency Questions & Answers

1. Mills JL, Schonberger LB, Wysowski DK. Long-term mortality in the United States cohort of pituitary-derived growth hormone recipients. J Pediatr. 2004 Apr. 144(4):430-6. [Medline].

2. Appleby BS, Lu M, Bizzi A, Phillips MD, Berri SM, Harbison MD, et al. Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease from commercial cadaveric human growth hormone. Emerg Infect Dis. 2013 Apr. 19(4):682-4. [Medline]. [Full Text].

3. Rainbow LA, Rees SA, Shaikh MG. Mutation analysis of POUF-1, PROP-1 and HESX-1 show low frequency of mutations in children with sporadic forms of combined pituitary hormone deficiency and septo-optic dysplasia. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005 Feb. 62(2):163-8. [Medline].

4. Blethen SL, Allen DB, Graves D. Safety of recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid-derived growth hormone: The National Cooperative Growth Study experience. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 May. 81(5):1704-10. [Medline].

5. Frindik JP, Baptista J. Adult height in growth hormone deficiency: historical perspective and examples from the national cooperative growth study. Pediatrics. 1999 Oct. 104(4 Pt 2):1000-4. [Medline].

6. Root AW, Kemp SF, Rundle AC. Effect of long-term recombinant growth hormone therapy in children--the National Cooperative Growth Study. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 1998. 11:403-12.

7. Carel JC, Ecosse E, Landier F, et al. Long-term mortality after recombinant growth hormone treatment for isolated growth hormone deficiency or childhood short stature: preliminary report of the French SAGhE study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Feb. 97(2):416-25. [Medline].

8. Sävendahl L, Maes M, Albertsson-Wikland K, et al. Long-term mortality and causes of death in isolated GHD, ISS, and SGA patients treated with recombinant growth hormone during childhood in Belgium, The Netherlands, and Sweden: preliminary report of 3 countries participating in the EU SAGhE study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Feb. 97(2):E213-7. [Medline].

9. Lindsay R, Feldkamp M, Harris D. Utah Growth Study: growth standards and the prevalence of growth hormone deficiency. J Pediatr. 1994 Jul. 125(1):29-35. [Medline].

10. Cuttler L, Silvers JB, Singh J, Marrero U, Finkelstein B, Tannin G, et al. Short stature and growth hormone therapy. A national study of physician recommendation patterns. JAMA. 1996 Aug 21. 276(7):531-7. [Medline].

11. Grimberg A, Stewart E, Wajnrajch MP. Gender of pediatric recombinant human growth hormone recipients in the United States and globally. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Jun. 93(6):2050-6. [Medline].

12. Mayer M, Schmitt K, Kapelari K, Frisch H, Köstl G, Voigt M. Spontaneous Growth in Growth Hormone Deficiency from Birth until 7 Years of Age: Development of Disease-Specific Growth Curves. Horm Res Paediatr. 2010 Apr 29. [Medline].

13. Nurminen S, Kivelä L, Taavela J, Huhtala H, Mäki M, Kaukinen K, et al. Factors associated with growth disturbance at celiac disease diagnosis in children: a retrospective cohort study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2015 Oct 6. 15:125. [Medline].

14. Tanner JM, Whitehouse RH, Hughes PC. Effect of human growth hormone treatment for 1 to 7 years on growth of 100 children, with growth hormone deficiency, low birthweight, inherited smallness, Turner''s syndrome, and other complaints. Arch Dis Child. 1971 Dec. 46(250):745-82. [Medline].

15. Wilson DM, Baker B, Hintz RL, Rosenfeld RG. Subcutaneous versus intramuscular growth hormone therapy: growth and acute somatomedin response. Pediatrics. 1985 Sep. 76(3):361-4. [Medline].

16. Milner RD, Russell-Fraser T, Brook CG, Cotes PM, Farquhar JW, Parkin JM, et al. Experience with human growth hormone in Great Britain: the report of the MRC Working Party. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1979 Jul. 11(1):15-38. [Medline].

17. Albertsson-Wikland K, Westphal O, Westgren U. Daily subcutaneous administration of human growth hormone in growth hormone deficient children. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1986 Jan. 75(1):89-97. [Medline].

18. Jørgensen JO, Moler N, Lauritzen T, Alberti KG, Orskov H, Christiansen JS. Evening versus morning injections of growth hormone (GH) in GH-deficient patients: effects on 24-hour patterns of circulating hormones and metabolites. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1990 Jan. 70(1):207-14. [Medline].

19. Kastrup KW, Christiansen JS, Andersen JK, Orskov H. Increased growth rate following transfer to daily sc administration from three weekly im injections of hGH in growth hormone deficient children. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1983 Oct. 104(2):148-52. [Medline].

20. MacGillivray MH, Baptista J, Johanson A. Outcome of a four-year randomized study of daily versus three times weekly somatropin treatment in prepubertal naive growth hormone-deficient children. Genentech Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1996 May. 81(5):1806-9. [Medline].

21. Sas TC, de Ridder MA, Wit JM, et al. Adult Height in Children with Growth Hormone Deficiency: A Randomized, Controlled, Growth Hormone Dose-Response Trial. Horm Res Paediatr. 2010 Apr 24. [Medline].

22. Yuen KCJ, Miller BS, Biller BMK. The current state of long-acting growth hormone preparations for growth hormone therapy. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2018 Aug. Vol 25:Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. [Medline].

23. Grimberg A, DiVall SA, Polychronakos C, Allen DB, Cohen LE, Quintos JB, et al. Guidelines for Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Treatment in Children and Adolescents: Growth Hormone Deficiency, Idiopathic Short Stature, and Primary Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Deficiency. Horm Res Paediatr. 2016. 86 (6):361-397. [Medline].

24. Blethen SL, Compton P, Lippe BM. Factors predicting the response to growth hormone (GH) therapy in prepubertal children with GH deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993 Mar. 76(3):574-9. [Medline].

25. Cheng JC, Leung SS, Lau J. Anthropometric measurements and body proportions among Chinese children. Clin Orthop. 1996 Feb. (323):22-30. [Medline].

26. Frasier SD. A preview of growth hormone stimulation tests in children. Pediatrics. 1974 Jun. 53(6):929-37. [Medline].

27. Frasier SD, Costin G, Lippe BM. A dose-response curve for human growth hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1981 Dec. 53(6):1213-7. [Medline].

28. Frindik JP, Kemp SF, Pihoker C. Effective use of magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of children with possible growth hormone deficiency. Endocrine Practice. 1996. 2:8-12.

29. Hintz RL. The prismatic case of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease associated with pituitary growth hormone treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 Aug. 80(8):2298-301. [Medline].

30. Kemp SF. Growth hormone therapeutic practice: dosing issues. The Endocrinologist. 1996. 6:231-7.

31. Mayer M, Schmitt K, Kapelari K, et al. Spontaneous Growth in Growth Hormone Deficiency from Birth until 7 Years of Age: Development of Disease-Specific Growth Curves. Horm Res Paediatr. 2010 Apr 29. [Medline].

32. Rabin MS. Treatment of a pituitary dwarf with human growth hormone. J Clin Endrocrinol Metab. 1958. 18:901-3.

33. Reiter EO, Martha PM Jr. Pharmacological testing of growth hormone secretion. Horm Res. 1990. 33(2-4):121-6; discussion 126-7. [Medline].

34. Rosenbloom AL, Knuth C, Shulman D. Growth hormone therapy by daily injection in patients previously treated for growth hormone deficiency. South Med J. 1980. 83:653-5.

35. Rosenfeld RG, Albertsson-Wikland K, Cassorla F. Diagnostic controversy: the diagnosis of childhood growth hormone deficiency revisited. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1995 May. 80(5):1532-40. [Medline].

36. Rosenfeld RG, Wilson DM, Lee PD. Insulin-like growth factors I and II in evaluation of growth retardation. J Pediatr. 1986 Sep. 109(3):428-33. [Medline].

37. Siklar Z, Tuna C, Dallar Y, Tanyer G. Zinc deficiency: a contributing factor of short stature in growth hormone deficient children. J Trop Pediatr. 2003 Jun. 49(3):187-8. [Medline].

38. Wyatt D, Parker KL, Kemp SF, Chiang J, Davis DA. The evaluation and followup of children referred to pediatric endocrinologists for short stature. Int J Pediatr Endocrinol. 2010. 2010:652013. [Medline]. [Full Text].

Vaneeta Bamba, MD Associate Professor of Clinical Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Attending Physician, Medical Director, Diagnostic and Research Growth Center, Medical Director, Turner Syndrome Program, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia

Vaneeta Bamba, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Endocrine Society, Pediatric Endocrine Society, Turner Resource Network of the Turner Syndrome Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Barry B Bercu, MD Professor, Departments of Pediatrics, Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, All Children's Hospital

Barry B Bercu, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American Medical Association, American Pediatric Society, Association of Clinical Scientists, Endocrine Society, Florida Medical Association, Pediatric Endocrine Society, Society for Pediatric Research, Southern Society for Pediatric Research, Society for the Study of Reproduction, American Federation for Clinical Research, Pituitary Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robert P Hoffman, MD Professor and Program Director, Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine; Pediatric Endocrinologist, Division of Pediatric, Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Nationwide Children's Hospital

Robert P Hoffman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Pediatricians, American Diabetes Association, American Pediatric Society, Christian Medical and Dental Associations, Endocrine Society, Midwest Society for Pediatric Research, Pediatric Endocrine Society, Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Arlan L Rosenbloom, MD Adjunct Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine; Fellow of the American Academy of Pediatrics; Fellow of the American College of Epidemiology

Arlan L Rosenbloom, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Epidemiology, American Pediatric Society, Endocrine Society, Pediatric Endocrine Society, Society for Pediatric Research, Florida Chapter of The American Academy of Pediatrics, Florida Pediatric Society, International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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