Gigantism and Acromegaly Questions & Answers

1. Berg C, Petersenn S, Lahner H, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors in patients with uncontrolled and long-term acromegaly: comparison with matched data from the general population and the effect of disease control. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Aug. 95(8):3648-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Nainggolan L. Gene discovery in giants could shed light on human growth. Medscape Medical News. December 9, 2014. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/836216. Accessed: December 12, 2014.

3. Trivellin G, Daly AF, Faucz FR, et al. Gigantism and acromegaly due to Xq26 microduplications and GPR101 mutation. N Engl J Med. 2014 Dec 18. 371(25):2363-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

4. Beckers A, Lodish MB, Trivellin G, et al. X-linked acrogigantism syndrome: clinical profile and therapeutic responses. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2015 Jun. 22(3):353-67. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Rostomyan L, Daly AF, Petrossians P, et al. Clinical and genetic characterization of pituitary gigantism: an international collaborative study in 208 patients. Endocr Relat Cancer. 2015 Oct. 22(5):745-57. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

6. Al-Bedaia M, Al-Khenaizan AS. Acromegaly presenting as cutis verticis gyrata. Int J Dermatol. 2008 Feb. 47(2):164. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Bush ZM, Vance ML. Management of acromegaly: is there a role for primary medical therapy?. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2008 Mar. 9(1):83-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Bendor-Samuel OM, Pal A, Cudlip S, Anderson G, Salgia S, Makaya T. Pituitary gigantism: a rare learning opportunity. Arch Dis Child Educ Pract Ed. 2020 Apr. 105(2):111-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Colao A, Pivonello R, Auriemma RS, et al. Predictors of tumor shrinkage after primary therapy with somatostatin analogs in acromegaly: a prospective study in 99 patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006 Jun. 91(6):2112-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

10. Giustina A, Chanson P, Bronstein MD, et al, for the Acromegaly Consensus Group. A consensus on criteria for cure of acromegaly. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010 Jul. 95(7):3141-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

11. Cuny T, Mac TT, Romanet P, et al. Acromegaly in Carney complex. Pituitary. 2019 Oct. 22(5):456-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Colak Ozbey N, Kapran Y, Bozbora A, Erbil Y, Tascioglu C, Asa SL. Ectopic growth hormone-releasing hormone secretion by a neuroendocrine tumor causing acromegaly: long-term follow-up results. Endocr Pathol. 2009 Summer. 20(2):127-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Khandelwal D, Khadgawat R, Mukund A, Suri A. Acromegaly with no pituitary adenoma and no evidence of ectopic source. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Sep. 15 Suppl 3:S250-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

14. Uchoa HB, Lima GA, Corraa LL, et al. Prevalence of thyroid diseases in patients with acromegaly: experience of a Brazilian center. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol. 2013 Dec. 57(9):685-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Soares BS, Eguchi K, Frohman LA. Tumor deletion mapping on chromosome 11q13 in eight families with isolated familial somatotropinoma and in 15 sporadic somatotropinomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Dec. 90(12):6580-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. [Guideline] Katznelson L, Atkinson JL, Cook DM, Ezzat SZ, Hamrahian AH, Miller KK. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Acromegaly--2011 update: executive summary. Endocr Pract. 2011 Jul-Aug. 17(4):636-46. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Melmed S, Casanueva FF, Klibanski A, et al. A consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of acromegaly complications. Pituitary. 2013 Sep. 16(3):294-302. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

18. Oshino S, Nishino A, Suzuki T, et al. Prevalence of cerebral aneurysm in patients with acromegaly. Pituitary. 2013 Jun. 16(2):195-201. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Sisman P, Pekgoz M, Bayrakci I, et al. Evaluation of upper gastrointestinal system in acromegaly. Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 2019 Sep. 80(4):196-201. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Stelmachowska-Banas M, Zdunowski P, Zgliczynski W. Abnormalities in glucose homeostasis in acromegaly. Does the prevalence of glucose intolerance depend on the level of activity of the disease and the duration of the symptoms?. Endokrynol Pol. 2009 Jan-Feb. 60(1):20-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Dworakowska D, Gueorguiev M, Kelly P, et al. Repeated colonoscopic screening of patients with acromegaly: 15-year experience identifies those at risk of new colonic neoplasia and allows for effective screening guidelines. Eur J Endocrinol. 2010 Jul. 163(1):21-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

22. Loeper S, Ezzat S. Acromegaly: re-thinking the cancer risk. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2008 Mar. 9(1):41-58. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Kurimoto M, Fukuda I, Hizuka N, Takano K. The prevalence of benign and malignant tumors in patients with acromegaly at a single institute. Endocr J. 2008 Mar. 55(1):67-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Izzard AS, Emerson M, Prehar S, et al. The cardiovascular phenotype of a mouse model of acromegaly. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2009 Oct. 19(5):413-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Wang M, Mou C, Jiang M, et al. The characteristics of acromegalic patients with hyperprolactinemia and the differences in patients with merely GH-secreting adenomas: clinical analysis of 279 cases. Eur J Endocrinol. 2012 May. 166(5):797-802. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

26. Almalki MH, Chesover AD, Johnson MD, Wilkins GE, Maguire JA, Ur E. Characterization of management and outcomes of patients with acromegaly in Vancouver over 30 years. Clin Invest Med. 2012 Feb 1. 35(1):E27-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Sata A, Ho KK. Growth hormone measurements in the diagnosis and monitoring of acromegaly. Pituitary. 2007. 10(2):165-72. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Daroszewski J, Bolanowski M, Kaluzny M, Siewinski M. The imbalance of cathepsin B-like activity in acromegalic patients--preliminary report. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2010. 31(2):256-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Elbaum M, Mizera L, Bolanowski M. The real costs of acromegaly: analysis of different therapies. Endokrynol Pol. 2019. 70(1):74-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

30. Roelfsema F, Biermasz NR, Romijn JA, Pereira AM. Treatment strategies for acromegaly. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs. 2005 Nov. 10(4):875-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. [Guideline] Katznelson L, Laws ER Jr, Melmed S, et al. Acromegaly: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014 Nov. 99(11):3933-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

32. Nainggolan L. New guidelines for acromegaly include advice on pregnancy. Medscape Medical News. November 10, 2014. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/834653. Accessed: November 15, 2014.

33. Azkur D, Yoldas T, Toyran M, Kocabas CN. A pediatric case of anaphylaxis due to octreotide. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2011 Dec. 29(4):361-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Shimatsu A, Teramoto A, Hizuka N, Kitai K, Ramis J, Chihara K. Efficacy, safety, and pharmacokinetics of sustained-release lanreotide (lanreotide Autogel) in Japanese patients with acromegaly or pituitary gigantism. Endocr J. 2013. 60(5):651-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

35. Sheppard M, Bronstein MD, Freda P, et al. Pasireotide LAR maintains inhibition of GH and IGF-1 in patients with acromegaly for up to 25 months: results from the blinded extension phase of a randomized, double-blind, multicenter, Phase III study. Pituitary. 2015 Jun. 18(3):385-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

36. Gadelha MR, Bronstein MD, Brue T, et al. Pasireotide versus continued treatment with octreotide or lanreotide in patients with inadequately controlled acromegaly (PAOLA): a randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2014 Nov. 2(11):875-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Fleseriu M, Rusch E, Geer EB, ACCESS Study Investigators. Safety and tolerability of pasireotide long-acting release in acromegaly-results from the acromegaly, open-label, multicenter, safety monitoring program for treating patients who have a need to receive medical therapy (ACCESS) study. Endocrine. 2017 Jan. 55(1):247-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

38. Samson SL. Management of hyperglycemia in patients with acromegaly treated with pasireotide LAR. Drugs. 2016 Sep. 76(13):1235-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Sandret L, Maison P, Chanson P. Place of cabergoline in acromegaly: a meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 May. 96(5):1327-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Tritos NA, Chanson P, Jimenez C, et al. Effectiveness of first-line pegvisomant monotherapy in acromegaly: an ACROSTUDY analysis. Eur J Endocrinol. 2017 Feb. 176(2):213-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

41. Tritos NA, Biller BM. Pegvisomant: a growth hormone receptor antagonist used in the treatment of acromegaly. Pituitary. 2017 Feb. 20(1):129-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. van der Lely AJ, Biller BM, Brue T, et al. Long-term safety of pegvisomant in patients with acromegaly: comprehensive review of 1288 subjects in ACROSTUDY. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 May. 97(5):1589-97. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

43. Higham CE, Atkinson AB, Aylwin S, et al. Effective combination treatment with cabergoline and low-dose pegvisomant in active acromegaly: a prospective clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Apr. 97(4):1187-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

44. Kuhn E, Chanson P. Cabergoline in acromegaly. Pituitary. 2017 Feb. 20(1):121-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Rix M, Laurberg P, Hoejberg AS, Brock-Jacobsen B. Pegvisomant therapy in pituitary gigantism: successful treatment in a 12-year-old girl. Eur J Endocrinol. 2005 Aug. 153(2):195-201. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Bostrom JP, Kinfe T, Meyer A, et al. Treatment of acromegaly patients with risk-adapted single or fractionated stereotactic high-precision radiotherapy: High local control and low toxicity in a pooled series. Strahlenther Onkol. 2015 Jun. 191(6):477-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Castinetti F, Morange I, Dufour H, Regis J, Brue T. Radiotherapy and radiosurgery in acromegaly. Pituitary. 2009. 12(1):3-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Weber DC, Momjian S, Pralong FP, Meyer P, Villemure JG, Pica A. Adjuvant or radical fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for patients with pituitary functional and nonfunctional macroadenoma. Radiat Oncol. 2011 Dec 8. 6:169. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

49. Jagannathan J, Yen CP, Pouratian N, Laws ER, Sheehan JP. Stereotactic radiosurgery for pituitary adenomas: a comprehensive review of indications, techniques and long-term results using the Gamma Knife. J Neurooncol. 2009 May. 92(3):345-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Espinosa-de-Los-Monteros AL, Sosa E, Cheng S, et al. Biochemical evaluation of disease activity after pituitary surgery in acromegaly: a critical analysis of patients who spontaneously change disease status. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006 Mar. 64(3):245-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Silverstein JM. Need for improved monitoring in patients with acromegaly. Endocr Connect. 2015 Dec. 4(4):R59-67. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

52. Ronchi CL, Giavoli C, Ferrante E, et al. Prevalence of GH deficiency in cured acromegalic patients: impact of different previous treatments. Eur J Endocrinol. 2009 Jul. 161(1):37-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

53. van der Klaauw AA, Bax JJ, Roelfsema F, et al. Uncontrolled acromegaly is associated with progressive mitral valvular regurgitation. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2006 Apr. 16(2):101-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Parolin M, Dassie F, Vettor R, Maffei P. Acromegaly and ultrasound: how, when and why?. J Endocrinol Invest. 2020 Mar. 43(3):279-87. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Ramos-Levi AM, Marazuela M. Cardiovascular comorbidities in acromegaly: an update on their diagnosis and management. Endocrine. 2017 Feb. 55(2):346-59. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Powlson AS, Gurnell M. Cardiovascular disease and sleep-disordered breathing in acromegaly. Neuroendocrinology. 2016. 103(1):75-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Giustina A, Barkan A, Beckers A, et al. A consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of acromegaly comorbidities: an update. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Apr 1. 105(4):[QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Thanabalasingham G, Grossman AB. Acromegaly: Beyond surgery. Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Jul. 17(4):563-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

59. Abe T, Tara LA, Ludecke DK. Growth hormone-secreting pituitary adenomas in childhood and adolescence: features and results of transnasal surgery. Neurosurgery. 1999 Jul. 45(1):1-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Chahal HS, Stals K, Unterlander M, et al. AIP mutation in pituitary adenomas in the 18th century and today. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jan 6. 364(1):43-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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Robert A Schwartz, MD, MPH Professor and Head of Dermatology, Professor of Pathology, Professor of Pediatrics, Professor of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School

Robert A Schwartz, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, New York Academy of Medicine, Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Melanie Shim, MD Pediatric Endocrinologist, Mapunapuna Medical Office, Kaiser Permanente Medical Group

Melanie Shim, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Diabetes Association, Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Alicia Diaz-Thomas, MD, MPH Associate Professor of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Medicine

Alicia Diaz-Thomas, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: Endocrine Society, International Society for Clinical Densitometry, Pediatric Endocrine Society, Tennessee Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Sasigarn A Bowden, MD, FAAP Professor of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University College of Medicine; Pediatric Endocrinologist, Division of Endocrinology, Nationwide Children’s Hospital; Affiliate Faculty/Principal Investigator, Center for Clinical Translational Research, Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital

Sasigarn A Bowden, MD, FAAP is a member of the following medical societies: American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, Central Ohio Pediatric Society, Endocrine Society, International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes, Pediatric Endocrine Society, Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Barry B Bercu, MD Professor, Departments of Pediatrics, Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, All Children's Hospital

Barry B Bercu, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American Federation for Clinical Research, American Medical Association, American Pediatric Society, Association of Clinical Scientists, Endocrine Society, Florida Medical Association, Pediatric Endocrine Society, Pituitary Society, Society for Pediatric Research, Society forthe Study of Reproduction, and Southern Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Santiago A Centurion, MD Staff Physician, Department of Dermatology, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey

Santiago A Centurion, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Association, and Sigma Xi

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Arthur B Chausmer, MD, PhD, FACP, FACE, FACN, CNS Professor of Medicine (Endocrinology, Adj), Johns Hopkins School of Medicine; Affiliate Research Professor, Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, School of Computational Sciences, George Mason University; Principal, C/A Informatics, LLC

Arthur B Chausmer, MD, PhD, FACP, FACE, FACN, CNS is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Endocrinology, American College of Nutrition, American College of Physicians, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Medical Informatics Association, American Society for Bone and Mineral Research, International Society for Clinical Densitometry, and The Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robert J Ferry Jr, MD Le Bonheur Chair of Excellence in Endocrinology, Professor and Chief, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center

Robert J Ferry Jr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Diabetes Association, American Medical Association, Endocrine Society, Pediatric Endocrine Society, Society for Pediatric Research, and Texas Pediatric Society

Disclosure: Eli Lilly & Co Grant/research funds Investigator; MacroGenics, Inc Grant/research funds Investigator; Ipsen, SA (formerly Tercica, Inc) Grant/research funds Investigator; NovoNordisk SA Grant/research funds Investigator; Diamyd Grant/research funds Investigator; Bristol-Myers-Squibb Grant/research funds Other; Amylin Other; Pfizer Grant/research funds Other; Takeda Grant/research funds Other

Barry J Goldstein, MD, PhD Director, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University

Barry J Goldstein, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Clinical Endocrinologists, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Diabetes Association, and The Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

George T Griffing, MD Professor of Medicine, St Louis University School of Medicine

George T Griffing, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Medical Practice Executives, American College of Physician Executives, American College of Physicians, American Diabetes Association, American Federation for Medical Research, American Heart Association, Central Society for Clinical Research, International Society for Clinical Densitometry, Southern Society for Clinical Investigation, and The Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

William D James, MD Paul R Gross Professor of Dermatology, Vice-Chairman, Residency Program Director, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

William D James, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology and Society for Investigative Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Hasnain M Khandwala, MD, FRCPC Endocrinologist, LMC Endocrinology Centers, Canada

Hasnain M Khandwala, MD, FRCPC is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American Diabetes Association, Canadian Medical Association, and The Endocrine Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Jeffrey J Miller, MD Associate Professor of Dermatology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine; Staff Dermatologist, Pennsylvania State Milton S Hershey Medical Center

Jeffrey J Miller, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, Association of Professors of Dermatology, North American Hair Research Society, and Society for Investigative Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Robert A Schwartz, MD, MPH Professor and Head, Dermatology, Professor of Pathology, Pediatrics, Medicine, and Preventive Medicine and Community Health, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School

Robert A Schwartz, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American College of Physicians, New York Academy of Medicine, and Sigma Xi

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Phyllis W Speiser, MD Chief, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Steven and Alexandra Cohen Children's Medical Center of New York; Professor of Pediatrics, Hofstra-North Shore LIJ School of Medicine at Hofstra University

Phyllis W Speiser, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, Endocrine Society, Pediatric Endocrine Society, and Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Shyam Verma, MBBS, DVD, FAAD Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Dermatology, University of Virginia; Adjunct Associate Professor, Department of Dermatology, State University of New York at Stonybrook, Adjunct Associate Professor, Department of Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania

Shyam Verma, MBBS, DVD, FAAD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology

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Richard P Vinson, MD Assistant Clinical Professor, Department of Dermatology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L Foster School of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Mountain View Dermatology, PA

Richard P Vinson, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, Association of Military Dermatologists, Texas Dermatological Society, and Texas Medical Association

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Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

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