Pediatric Crohn Disease Differential Diagnoses

1. Fagerberg UL, Loof L, Myrdal U, et al. Colorectal inflammation is well predicted by fecal calprotectin in children with gastrointestinal symptoms. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005 Apr. 40(4):450-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Frokjaer JB, Larsen E, Steffensen E, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the small bowel in Crohn's disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2005 Jul. 40(7):832-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Lee SS, Kim AY, Yang SK, et al. Crohn disease of the small bowel: comparison of CT enterography, MR enterography, and small-bowel follow-through as diagnostic techniques. Radiology. 2009 Jun. 251(3):751-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Guilhon de Araujo Sant'Anna AM, et al. Wireless capsule endoscopy for obscure small-bowel disorders: final results of the first pediatric controlled trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Mar. 3(3):264-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Hyams J, Crandall W, Kugathasan S, et al. Induction and maintenance infliximab therapy for the treatment of moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease in children. Gastroenterology. 2007 Mar. 132(3):863-73; quiz 1165-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Rutgeerts P, et al. Adalimumab for maintenance of clinical response and remission in patients with Crohn's disease: the CHARM trial. Gastroenterology. 2007 Jan. 132(1):52-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. [Guideline] Strong SA, Koltun WA, Hyman NH, Buie WD. Practice parameters for the surgical management of Crohn''s disease. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007 Nov. 50(11):1735-46. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

8. von Allmen D, Markowitz JE, York A, Mamula P, Shepanski M, Baldassano R. Laparoscopic-assisted bowel resection offers advantages over open surgery for treatment of segmental Crohn's disease in children. J Pediatr Surg. 2003 Jun. 38(6):963-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Tysk C, Lindberg E, Jarnerot G, Floderus-Myrhed B. Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease in an unselected population of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. A study of heritability and the influence of smoking. Gut. 1988 Jul. 29(7):990-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Zeissig Y, Petersen BS, Milutinovic S, Bosse E, Mayr G, Peuker K, et al. XIAP variants in male Crohn's disease. Gut. 2015 Jan. 64 (1):66-76. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Kugathasan S, Loizides A, Babusukumar U, et al. Comparative phenotypic and CARD15 mutational analysis among African American, Hispanic, and White children with Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005 Jul. 11(7):631-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Kugathasan S, Judd RH, Hoffmann RG, et al. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of children with newly diagnosed inflammatory bowel disease in Wisconsin: a statewide population-based study. J Pediatr. 2003 Oct. 143(4):525-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Griffiths AM, Buller HB. Inflammatory bowel diseases. Walker WA, Durie P, eds. Textbook of Pediatric Gastrointestinal Diseases. 3rd ed. 2000.

14. Gupta N, Lustig RH, Andrews H, et al. Clinical variables associated with statural growth in pediatric Crohn's disease differ by sex (The Growth Study). Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2021 May 17. 27 (6):751-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Herman Y, Rinawi F, Rothschild B, Nir O, Shamir R, Assa A. The Characteristics and Long-term Outcomes of Pediatric Crohn's Disease Patients with Perianal Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2017 Sep. 23 (9):1659-1665. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Aguirre A, Nugent CA. Images in Clinical Medicine: Oral Manifestation of Crohn's Disease. N Engl J Med. 2015 Sep 24. 373 (13):1250. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

17. [Guideline] Bruining DH, Zimmermann EM, Loftus EV Jr, Sandborn WJ, Sauer CG, Strong SA, et al. Consensus recommendations for evaluation, interpretation, and utilization of computed tomography and magnetic resonance enterography in patients with small bowel Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2018 Mar. 154 (4):1172-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Experts offer guidance on cross-sectional enterography in Crohn’s disease. Reuters Health Information. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/891631. January 23, 2018; Accessed: July 26, 2019.

19. Zholudev A, Zurakowski D, Young W, Leichtner A, Bousvaros A. Serologic testing with ANCA, ASCA, and anti-OmpC in children and young adults with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis: diagnostic value and correlation with disease phenotype. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004 Nov. 99(11):2235-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Piekkala M, Kalajoki-Helmiö T, Martelius L, Pakarinen M, Rintala R, Kolho KL. Magnetic resonance enterography guiding treatment in children with Crohn's jejunoileitis. Acta Paediatr. 2012 Jun. 101(6):631-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. D'Haens G, Baert F, van Assche G, et al. Early combined immunosuppression or conventional management in patients with newly diagnosed Crohn's disease: an open randomised trial. Lancet. 2008 Feb 23. 371(9613):660-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Kim MJ, Lee JS, Lee JH, Kim JY, Choe YH. Infliximab therapy in children with Crohn's disease: a one-year evaluation of efficacy comparing 'top-down' and 'step-up' strategies. Acta Paediatr. 2011 Mar. 100(3):451-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Akobeng AK, Gardener E. Oral 5-aminosalicylic acid for maintenance of medically-induced remission in Crohn's Disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005. (1):CD003715. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Beattie RM. Enteral nutrition as primary therapy in childhood Crohn's disease: control of intestinal inflammation and anabolic response. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2005 Jul-Aug. 29(4 Suppl):S151-5; discussion S155-9, S184-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Borrelli O, Cordischi L, Cirulli M, et al. Polymeric diet alone versus corticosteroids in the treatment of active pediatric Crohn's disease: a randomized controlled open-label trial. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006 Jun. 4(6):744-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Turner D, Grossman AB, Rosh J, et al. Methotrexate following unsuccessful thiopurine therapy in pediatric Crohn's disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007 Dec. 102(12):2804-12; quiz 2803, 2813. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Alfadhli AA, McDonald JW, Feagan BG. Methotrexate for induction of remission in refractory Crohn's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005. CD003459. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Stephens MC, Baldassano RN, York A, et al. The bioavailability of oral methotrexate in children with inflammatory bowel disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005 Apr. 40(4):445-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Uhlen S, Belbouab R, Narebski K, et al. Efficacy of methotrexate in pediatric Crohn's disease: a French multicenter study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006 Nov. 12(11):1053-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Jacobstein DA, Markowitz JE, Kirschner BS, et al. Premedication and infusion reactions with infliximab: results from a pediatric inflammatory bowel disease consortium. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2005 May. 11(5):442-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Hyams JS, Griffiths A, Markowitz J, Baldassano RN, Faubion WA Jr, Colletti RB, et al. Safety and Efficacy of Adalimumab for Moderate to Severe Crohn's Disease in Children. Gastroenterology. 2012 May 2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Brooks, M. Adalimumab (Humira) Gets FDA Nod for Children With Crohn's. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/832304. Accessed: October 3, 2014.

33. Dziechciarz P, Horvath A, Kierkuś J. Efficacy and Safety of Adalimumab for Paediatric Crohn's Disease: A Systematic Review. J Crohns Colitis. 2016 Mar 19. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Larkin M. More Evidence Needed on Safety, Efficacy of Adalimumab in Pediatric Crohn's. Reuters Health Information. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/861684. April 11, 2016; Accessed: August 4, 2016.

35. Horneff G, Seyger MMB, Arikan D, Kalabic J, Anderson JK, Lazar A, et al. Safety of Adalimumab in Pediatric Patients with Polyarticular Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis, Enthesitis-Related Arthritis, Psoriasis, and Crohn's Disease. J Pediatr. 2018 Oct. 201:166-175.e3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Walters TD, Kim MO, Denson LA, Griffiths AM, Dubinsky M, Markowitz J, et al. Increased effectiveness of early therapy with anti-tumor necrosis factor-a vs an immunomodulator in children with Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2014 Feb. 146(2):383-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Griffin LM, Thayu M, Baldassano RN, DeBoer MD, Zemel BS, Denburg MR, et al. Improvements in Bone Density and Structure during Anti-TNF-α Therapy in Pediatric Crohn's Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Apr 28. jc20144152. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Harding A. TNF Blockers Improve Bones in Pediatric Crohn's Disease. Reuters Health Information. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/844390. May 08, 2015; Accessed: June 29, 2015.

39. DeBoer MD, Lee AM, Herbert K, Long J, Thayu M, Griffin LM, et al. Increases in IGF-1 After Anti-TNF-α Therapy Are Associated With Bone and Muscle Accrual in Pediatric Crohn Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018 Mar 1. 103 (3):936-945. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Kulungowski AM, Acker SN, Hoffenberg EJ, Neigut D, Partrick DA. Initial operative treatment of isolated ileal Crohn's disease in adolescents. Am J Surg. 2015 Jul. 210 (1):141-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Blackburn SC, Wiskin AE, Barnes C, Dick K, Afzal NA, Griffiths DM, et al. Surgery for children with Crohn's disease: indications, complications and outcome. Arch Dis Child. 2014 May. 99(5):420-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Pallotta N, Civitelli F, Di Nardo G, Vincoli G, Aloi M, Viola F, et al. Small intestine contrast ultrasonography in pediatric Crohn's disease. J Pediatr. 2013 Sep. 163(3):778-784.e1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. [Guideline] Ruemmele FM, Veres G, Kolho KL, et al. Consensus guidelines of ECCO/ESPGHAN on the medical management of pediatric Crohn's disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2014 Oct 1. 8 (10):1179-207. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

44. [Guideline] de Zoeten EF, Pasternak BA, Mattei P, Kramer RE, Kader HA. Diagnosis and treatment of perianal Crohn disease: NASPGHAN clinical report and consensus statement. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013 Sep. 57 (3):401-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

45. Stapersma L, van den Brink G, van der Ende J, et al. Illness perceptions and depression are associated with health-related quality of life in youth with inflammatory bowel disease. Int J Behav Med. 2019 Aug. 26 (4):415-26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Andrew B Grossman, MD Associate Professor of Clinical Pediatrics, Co-Director, Center for Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania

Andrew B Grossman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Gastroenterological Association, North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Crohn's and Colitis Foundation of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Petar Mamula, MD Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine

Petar Mamula, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Gastroenterological Association, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Carmen Cuffari, MD Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology/Nutrition, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Carmen Cuffari, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Gastroenterology, American Gastroenterological Association, North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada

Disclosure: Received honoraria from Prometheus Laboratories for speaking and teaching; Received honoraria from Abbott Nutritionals for speaking and teaching. for: Abbott Nutritional, Abbvie, speakers' bureau.

Robert Baldassano, MD Director, Center for Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania

Robert Baldassano, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Gastroenterological Association, and North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Stefano Guandalini, MD Director, University of Chicago Celiac Disease Program, Section Chief of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition; Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago Comer Children's Hospital

Stefano Guandalini, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Gastroenterological Association, European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, and North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article