Sandifer Syndrome Questions & Answers

1. Frankel EA, Shalaby TM, Orenstein SR. Sandifer syndrome posturing: relation to abdominal wall contractions, gastroesophageal reflux, and fundoplication. Dig Dis Sci. 2006 Apr. 51(4):635-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Kirkham FJ, Haywood P, Kashyape P, Borbone J, Lording A, Pryde K, et al. Movement disorder emergencies in childhood. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2011 Sep. 15(5):390-404. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Lehwald N, Krausch M, Franke C, Assmann B, Adam R, Knoefel WT. Sandifer syndrome--a multidisciplinary diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2007 Jun. 17(3):203-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Obeid M, Mikati MA. Expanding spectrum of paroxysmal events in children: potential mimickers of epilepsy. Pediatr Neurol. 2007 Nov. 37(5):309-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Kostakis A, Manjunatha NP, Kumar A, Moreland ES. Abnormal head posture in a patient with normal ocular motility: Sandifer syndrome. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2008 Jan-Feb. 45(1):57-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Kabakus N, Kurt A. Sandifer Syndrome: a continuing problem of misdiagnosis. Pediatr Int. 2006 Dec. 48(6):622-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Moore DM, Rizzolo D. Sandifer syndrome. JAAPA. 2018 Mar 6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. [Guideline] Rosen R, Vandenplas Y, Singendonk M, et al. Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux Clinical Practice Guidelines: Joint Recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018 Mar. 66 (3):516-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Shepherd RW, Wren J, Evans S, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux in children. Clinical profile, course and outcome with active therapy in 126 cases. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1987 Feb. 26(2):55-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Mindlina I. Diagnosis and management of Sandifer syndrome in children with intractable neurological symptoms. Eur J Pediatr. 2020 Feb. 179 (2):243-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Nalbantoglu B, Metin DM, Nalbantoglu A. Sandifer's syndrome: a misdiagnosed and mysterious disorder. Iran J Pediatr. 2013 Dec. 23 (6):715-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Deskin RW. Sandifer syndrome: a cause of torticollis in infancy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 1995 May. 32(2):183-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Orenstein SR. Update on gastroesophageal reflux and respiratory disease in children. Can J Gastroenterol. 2000 Feb. 14(2):131-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Del Giudice E, Staiano A, Capano G, et al. Gastrointestinal manifestations in children with cerebral palsy. Brain Dev. 1999 Jul. 21(5):307-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Tumturk A, Kaya Ozcora G, Kacar Bayram A, et al. Torticollis in children: an alert symptom not to be turned away. Childs Nerv Syst. 2015 Sep. 31 (9):1461-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Ward RM, Kearns GL. Proton pump inhibitors in pediatrics : mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, pharmacogenetics, and pharmacodynamics. Paediatr Drugs. 2013 Apr. 15 (2):119-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Tighe M, Afzal NA, Bevan A, Hayen A, Munro A, Beattie RM. Pharmacological treatment of children with gastro-oesophageal reflux. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Nov 24. Issue 11:CD008550. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

18. van der Pol RJ, Smits MJ, van Wijk MP, Omari TI, Tabbers MM, Benninga MA. Efficacy of proton-pump inhibitors in children with gastroesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2011 May. 127 (5):925-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Orenstein SR, Hassall E, Furmaga-Jablonska W, Atkinson S, Raanan M. Multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial assessing the efficacy and safety of proton pump inhibitor lansoprazole in infants with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Pediatr. 2009 Apr. 154 (4):514-20.e4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Craig WR, Hanlon-Dearmane A, Sinclair C et al. Metoclopramide, thickened feedings and positioning for gastro-esophageal reflux in children under 2 years. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews. 2004. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Horvath A, Dziechciarz P, Szajewska H. The effect of thickened-feed interventions of gastroesophageal reflux in infants: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Pediatrics. 2008. 122 (6):e1268. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Kahrilas PJ, Shaheen NJ, Vaezi MF, et al. American Gastroenterological Association Medical Position Statement on the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology. 2008 Oct. 135(4):1383-1391, 1391.e1-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Lightdale JR, Gremse DA, Section on Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. Gastroesophageal reflux: management guidance for the pediatrician. Pediatrics. 2013 May. 131 (5):e1684-95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Tsou VM, Young RM, Hart MH, Vanderhoof JA. Elevated plasma aluminum levels in normal infants receivin antacids containing aluminum. Pediatrics. 1991. 87:148-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Woodard-Knight L, Fudge A, Teubner J, Simmer K. Aluminum absorption and antacid therapy in infancy. J Paediatric Child Health. 1992. 28:257-59. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Sedman A. Aluminum toxicity in childhood. Pediatr Nephrol. 1992 Jul. 6 (4):383-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Robinson RF, Casavant MJ, Nahata MC, Mahan JD. Metabolic bone disease after chronic antacid administration in an infant. Ann Pharmacother. 2004 Feb. 38 (2):265-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Chiba N, De Gara CJ, Wilkinson JM, Hunt RH. Speed of healing and symptom relief in grade II to IV gastroesophageal reflux disease: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 1997 Jun. 112 (6):1798-810. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Moore DJ, Tao BS, Lines DR, Hirte C, Heddle ML, Davidson GP. Double-blind placebo-controlled trial of omeprazole in irritable infants with gastroesophageal reflux. J Pediatr. 2003 Aug. 143 (2):219-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Pegeen Eslami, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh

Pegeen Eslami, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Emergency Physicians, International Pediatric Simulation Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Raj D Sheth, MD Chief, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Nemours Children's Clinic; Professor of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine; Professor of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine

Raj D Sheth, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Neurology, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Epilepsy Society, American Neurological Association, Child Neurology Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

David A Piccoli, MD Chief of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia; Professor, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine

David A Piccoli, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American Gastroenterological Association, North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Carmen Cuffari, MD Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology/Nutrition, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Carmen Cuffari, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Gastroenterology, American Gastroenterological Association, North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada

Disclosure: Received honoraria from Prometheus Laboratories for speaking and teaching; Received honoraria from Abbott Nutritionals for speaking and teaching. for: Abbott Nutritional, Abbvie, speakers' bureau.

Jorge H Vargas, MD Professor of Pediatrics and Clinical Professor of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine; Consulting Physician, Department of Pediatrics, University of California at Los Angeles Health System

Jorge H Vargas, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Liver Foundation, Latin American Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article