Pediatric Celiac Disease (Sprue) Questions & Answers

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2. Husby S, Koletzko S, Korponay-Szabo IR, et al. European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition guidelines for the diagnosis of coeliac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012 Jan. 54(1):136-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Brown NK, Guandalini S, Semrad C, Kupfer SS. A Clinician's Guide to Celiac Disease HLA Genetics. Am J Gastroenterol. 2019 Oct. 114 (10):1587-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Rubio-Tapia A, Kyle RA, Kaplan EL, et al. Increased prevalence and mortality in undiagnosed celiac disease. Gastroenterology. 2009 Jul. 137(1):88-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

5. Tang F, Chen Z, Ciszewski C, et al. Cytosolic PLA2 is required for CTL-mediated immunopathology of celiac disease via NKG2D and IL-15. J Exp Med. 2009 Mar 16. 206(3):707-19. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Barone MV, Troncone R, Auricchio S. Gliadin peptides as triggers of the proliferative and stress/innate immune response of the celiac small intestinal mucosa. Int J Mol Sci. 2014 Nov 7. 15(11):20518-37. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Marsh MN, Hinde J. Inflammatory component of celiac sprue mucosa. I. Mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils. Gastroenterology. 1985 Jul. 89(1):92-101. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Mårild K, Stephansson O, Montgomery S, Murray JA, Ludvigsson JF. Pregnancy outcome and risk of celiac disease in offspring: a nationwide case-control study. Gastroenterology. 2012 Jan. 142(1):39-45.e3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

9. Akobeng AK, Ramanan AV, Buchan I, Heller RF. Effect of breast feeding on risk of coeliac disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Arch Dis Child. 2006 Jan. 91(1):39-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Szajewska H, Chmielewska A, Piescik-Lech M, et al. Systematic review: early infant feeding and the prevention of coeliac disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012 Oct. 36(7):607-18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Olsson C, Hernell O, Hornell A, Lonnberg G, Ivarsson A. Difference in celiac disease risk between Swedish birth cohorts suggests an opportunity for primary prevention. Pediatrics. 2008 Sep. 122(3):528-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Troncone R, Auricchio S. Rotavirus and celiac disease: clues to the pathogenesis and perspectives on prevention. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2007 May. 44(5):527-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Myleus A, Hernell O, Gothefors L, et al. Early infections are associated with increased risk for celiac disease: an incident case-referent study. BMC Pediatr. 2012 Dec 19. 12:194. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

14. Myleus A, Stenlund H, Hernell O, et al. Early vaccinations are not risk factors for celiac disease. Pediatrics. 2012 Jul. 130(1):e63-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Catassi C, Kryszak D, Louis-Jacques O, et al. Detection of celiac disease in primary care: a multicenter case-finding study in North America. Am J Gastroenterol. 2007 Jul. 102(7):1454-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Riddle MS, Murray JA, Porter CK. The incidence and risk of celiac disease in a healthy US adult population. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012 Aug. 107(8):1248-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Catassi C, Kryszak D, Bhatti B, et al. Natural history of celiac disease autoimmunity in a USA cohort followed since 1974. Ann Med. 2010 Oct. 42(7):530-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Catassi C, Cobellis G. Coeliac disease epidemiology is alive and kicking, especially in the developing world. Dig Liver Dis. 2007 Oct. 39(10):908-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Dydensborg S, Toftedal P, Biaggi M, Lillevang ST, Hansen DG, Husby S. Increasing prevalence of coeliac disease in Denmark: a linkage study combining national registries. Acta Paediatr. 2012 Feb. 101(2):179-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Lohi S, Mustalahti K, Kaukinen K, et al. Increasing prevalence of coeliac disease over time. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Nov 1. 26(9):1217-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Walker MM, Murray JA, Ronkainen J, et al. Detection of celiac disease and lymphocytic enteropathy by parallel serology and histopathology in a population-based study. Gastroenterology. 2010 Jul. 139(1):112-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Bach JF. The effect of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic diseases. N Engl J Med. 2002 Sep 19. 347(12):911-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Marild K, Stephansson O, Montgomery S, Murray JA, Ludvigsson JF. Pregnancy outcome and risk of celiac disease in offspring: a nationwide case-control study. Gastroenterology. 2012 Jan. 142(1):39-45.e3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Myleus A, Ivarsson A, Webb C, et al. Celiac disease revealed in 3% of Swedish 12-year-olds born during an epidemic. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009 Aug. 49(2):170-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Zingone F, West J, Crooks CJ, et al. Socioeconomic variation in the incidence of childhood coeliac disease in the UK. Arch Dis Child. 2015 May. 100(5):466-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Lewis R. Pediatric celiac disease diagnoses tripled in 20 years. Medscape Medical News. January 23, 2015. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/838622. Accessed: September 30, 2015.

27. Silano M, Volta U, Vincenzi AD, Dessi M, Vincenzi MD. Effect of a gluten-free diet on the risk of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma in celiac disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2008 Apr. 53(4):972-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Sharaiha RZ, Lebwohl B, Reimers L, Bhagat G, Green PH, Neugut AI. Increasing incidence of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma in the United States, 1973-2008. Cancer. 2012 Aug 1. 118(15):3786-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Metzger MH, Heier M, Maki M, et al. Mortality excess in individuals with elevated IgA anti-transglutaminase antibodies: the KORA/MONICA Augsburg cohort study 1989-1998. Eur J Epidemiol. 2006. 21(5):359-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Akobeng AK, Thomas AG. Systematic review: tolerable amount of gluten for people with coeliac disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jun 1. 27(11):1044-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Canova C, Pitter G, Zanier L, Simonato L, Michaelsson K, Ludvigsson JF. Risk of fractures in youths with celiac disease: a population-based study. J Pediatr. 2018 Jul. 198:117-120. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Ludvigsson JF, Agreus L, Ciacci C, et al. Transition from childhood to adulthood in coeliac disease: the Prague consensus report. Gut. 2016 Aug. 65(8):1242-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Guandalini S. Celiac disease. Guandalini S, ed. In: Textbook of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. London: Taylor & Francis; 2004. 435-50.

34. Marild K, Stordal K, Bulik CM, et al. Celiac disease and anorexia nervosa: a nationwide study. Pediatrics. 2017 May. 139(5):[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

35. Lewis R. Celiac disease and anorexia nervosa linked, study shows. Medscape Medical News. April 03, 2017. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/878092. Accessed: April 05, 2017.

36. Campisi G, Di Liberto C, Carroccio A, et al. Coeliac disease: oral ulcer prevalence, assessment of risk and association with gluten-free diet in children. Dig Liver Dis. 2008 Feb. 40(2):104-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Baydoun A, Maakaron JE, Halawi H, Abou Rahal J, Taher AT. Hematological manifestations of celiac disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2012 Dec. 47(12):1401-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Vajro P, Paolella G, Maggiore G, Giordano G. Pediatric celiac disease, cryptogenic hypertransaminasemia, and autoimmune hepatitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013 Jun. 56(6):663-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Lionetti E, Francavilla R, Pavone P, et al. The neurology of coeliac disease in childhood: what is the evidence? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2010 Aug. 52(8):700-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Pope R, Sheiner E. Celiac disease during pregnancy: to screen or not to screen?. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2009 Jan. 279(1):1-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Marild K, Stordal K, Hagman A, Ludvigsson JF. Turner syndrome and celiac disease: a case-control study. Pediatrics. 2016 Feb. 137(2):e20152232. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Osterweil N. Celiac disease more common in patients with Turner syndrome. Medscape Medical News. January 14, 2016. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/857225. Accessed: June 27, 2016.

43. Doyle JB, Lebwohl B, Askling J, et al. Risk of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis in Patients With Celiac Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Dec 1. 117 (12):1971-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Crist C. Celiac Disease Linked to Higher Risk for Rheumatoid Arthritis, Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Medscape Medical News. 2022 Nov 17. Available at https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/984209.

45. Bonamico M, Mariani P, Thanasi E, et al. Patchy villous atrophy of the duodenum in childhood celiac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2004 Feb. 38(2):204-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Sharma A, Mews C, Jevon G, Ravikumara M. Duodenal bulb biopsy in children for the diagnosis of coeliac disease: experience from Perth, Australia. J Paediatr Child Health. 2013 Mar. 49(3):210-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. [Guideline] Hill ID, Dirks MH, Liptak GS, et al. Guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of celiac disease in children: recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005 Jan. 40(1):1-19. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Rostom A, Murray JA, Kagnoff MF. American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Institute technical review on the diagnosis and management of celiac disease. Gastroenterology. 2006 Dec. 131(6):1981-2002. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Barbato M, Maiella G, Di Camillo C, et al. The anti-deamidated gliadin peptide antibodies unmask celiac disease in small children with chronic diarrhoea. Dig Liver Dis. 2011 Jun. 43(6):465-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Giersiepen K, Lelgemann M, Stuhldreher N, et al. Accuracy of diagnostic antibody tests for coeliac disease in children: summary of an evidence report. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012 Feb. 54(2):229-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Kurppa K, Collin P, Viljamaa M, et al. Diagnosing mild enteropathy celiac disease: a randomized, controlled clinical study. Gastroenterology. 2009 Mar. 136(3):816-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Sansotta N, Guandalini S, Romano S, et al. The Gluten Free Diet's Impact on Growth in Children with Celiac Disease in Two Different Countries. Nutrients. 2020 May 26. 12 (6):[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

53. Rubio-Tapia A, Rahim MW, See JA, Lahr BD, Wu TT, Murray JA. Mucosal recovery and mortality in adults with celiac disease after treatment with a gluten-free diet. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010 Jun. 105(6):1412-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Diamanti A, Ferretti F, Guglielmi R, et al. Thyroid autoimmunity in children with coeliac disease: a prospective survey. Arch Dis Child. 2011 Nov. 96(11):1038-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Leffler DA, Dennis M, Edwards George JB, et al. A simple validated gluten-free diet adherence survey for adults with celiac disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009 May. 7(5):530-6, 536.e1-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. [Guideline] Rubio-Tapia A, Hill ID, Semrad C, Kelly CP, Lebwohl B. American College of Gastroenterology Guidelines Update: Diagnosis and Management of Celiac Disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2023 Jan 1. 118 (1):59-76. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

57. [Guideline] Husby S, Koletzko S, Korponay-Szabo I, et al. European Society Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition guidelines for diagnosing coeliac disease 2020. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2019 Oct 17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. [Guideline] Mearin ML, Agardh D, Antunes H, et al. ESPGHAN Position Paper on Management and Follow-up of Children and Adolescents With Celiac Disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2022 Sep 1. 75 (3):369-86. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. [Guideline] Rubio-Tapia A, Murray JA. Updated guidelines by the European Society for the Study of Coeliac Disease. United European Gastroenterol J. 2019 Jun. 7(5):581-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

60. [Guideline] Al-Toma A, Volta U, Auricchio R, et al. European Society for the Study of Coeliac Disease (ESsCD) guideline for coeliac disease and other gluten-related disorders. United European Gastroenterol J. 2019 Jun. 7(5):583-613. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

61. Husby S, Koletzko S, Korponay-Szabo IR, et al. European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition guidelines for the diagnosis of coeliac disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2012 Jan. 54(1):136-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Stefano Guandalini, MD Founder and Director Emeritus, Celiac Disease Center, University of Chicago; Former Chief, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago Medicine; Professor Emeritus, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine

Stefano Guandalini, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Gastroenterological Association, European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, North American Society for the Study of Celiac Disease

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: Imaware.health.

Phyllis A Vallee, MD Associate Program Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital

Phyllis A Vallee, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American Medical Association, Michigan State Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Carmen Cuffari, MD Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology/Nutrition, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Carmen Cuffari, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Gastroenterology, American Gastroenterological Association, North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada

Disclosure: Received honoraria from Prometheus Laboratories for speaking and teaching; Received honoraria from Abbott Nutritionals for speaking and teaching. for: Abbott Nutritional, Abbvie, speakers' bureau.

Jorge H Vargas, MD Professor of Pediatrics and Clinical Professor of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine; Consulting Physician, Department of Pediatrics, University of California at Los Angeles Health System

Jorge H Vargas, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Liver Foundation, Latin American Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous author Ginette V Busschots, MD, to the writing and development of this article.

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