Pediatric Celiac Disease (Sprue) Questions & Answers

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13. Myleus A, Stenlund H, Hernell O, et al. Early vaccinations are not risk factors for celiac disease. Pediatrics. 2012 Jul. 130(1):e63-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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15. Riddle MS, Murray JA, Porter CK. The incidence and risk of celiac disease in a healthy US adult population. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012 Aug. 107(8):1248-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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17. Catassi C, Cobellis G. Coeliac disease epidemiology is alive and kicking, especially in the developing world. Dig Liver Dis. 2007 Oct. 39(10):908-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Dydensborg S, Toftedal P, Biaggi M, Lillevang ST, Hansen DG, Husby S. Increasing prevalence of coeliac disease in Denmark: a linkage study combining national registries. Acta Paediatr. 2012 Feb. 101(2):179-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Lohi S, Mustalahti K, Kaukinen K, et al. Increasing prevalence of coeliac disease over time. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007 Nov 1. 26(9):1217-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Walker MM, Murray JA, Ronkainen J, et al. Detection of celiac disease and lymphocytic enteropathy by parallel serology and histopathology in a population-based study. Gastroenterology. 2010 Jul. 139(1):112-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Bach JF. The effect of infections on susceptibility to autoimmune and allergic diseases. N Engl J Med. 2002 Sep 19. 347(12):911-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Marild K, Stephansson O, Montgomery S, Murray JA, Ludvigsson JF. Pregnancy outcome and risk of celiac disease in offspring: a nationwide case-control study. Gastroenterology. 2012 Jan. 142(1):39-45.e3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Myleus A, Ivarsson A, Webb C, et al. Celiac disease revealed in 3% of Swedish 12-year-olds born during an epidemic. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2009 Aug. 49(2):170-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Zingone F, West J, Crooks CJ, et al. Socioeconomic variation in the incidence of childhood coeliac disease in the UK. Arch Dis Child. 2015 May. 100(5):466-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Lewis R. Pediatric celiac disease diagnoses tripled in 20 years. Medscape Medical News. January 23, 2015. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/838622. Accessed: September 30, 2015.

26. Silano M, Volta U, Vincenzi AD, Dessi M, Vincenzi MD. Effect of a gluten-free diet on the risk of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma in celiac disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2008 Apr. 53(4):972-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Sharaiha RZ, Lebwohl B, Reimers L, Bhagat G, Green PH, Neugut AI. Increasing incidence of enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma in the United States, 1973-2008. Cancer. 2012 Aug 1. 118(15):3786-92. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Metzger MH, Heier M, Maki M, et al. Mortality excess in individuals with elevated IgA anti-transglutaminase antibodies: the KORA/MONICA Augsburg cohort study 1989-1998. Eur J Epidemiol. 2006. 21(5):359-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Akobeng AK, Thomas AG. Systematic review: tolerable amount of gluten for people with coeliac disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2008 Jun 1. 27(11):1044-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Canova C, Pitter G, Zanier L, Simonato L, Michaelsson K, Ludvigsson JF. Risk of fractures in youths with celiac disease: a population-based study. J Pediatr. 2018 Jul. 198:117-120. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Sansotta N, Amirikian K, Guandalini S, Jericho H. Celiac Disease Symptom Resolution: Effectiveness of the Gluten-free Diet. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2018. 66:48-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Jericho H, Sansotta N, Guandalini S. Extraintestinal Manifestations of Celiac Disease: Effectiveness of the Gluten-Free Diet. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017. 65:75-79. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Veeraraghavan G, Therrien A, Degroote M, McKeown A, Mitchell PD, Silvester JA, et al. Non-responsive celiac disease in children on a gluten free diet. World J Gastroenterol. 2021 Apr 7. 27 (13):1311-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

34. Therrien A, Silvester JA, Leonard MM, Leffler DA, Fasano A, Kelly CP. Enteric-Release Budesonide May Be Useful in the Management of Non-Responsive Celiac Disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2021 Jun. 66 (6):1989-97. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

35. Ludvigsson JF, Agreus L, Ciacci C, et al. Transition from childhood to adulthood in coeliac disease: the Prague consensus report. Gut. 2016 Aug. 65(8):1242-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. [Guideline] Leonard MM, Lebwohl B, Rubio-Tapia A, Biagi F. AGA Clinical Practice Update on the Evaluation and Management of Seronegative Enteropathies: Expert Review. Gastroenterology. 2021 Jan. 160 (1):437-44. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Marild K, Stordal K, Bulik CM, et al. Celiac disease and anorexia nervosa: a nationwide study. Pediatrics. 2017 May. 139(5):[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

38. Lewis R. Celiac disease and anorexia nervosa linked, study shows. Medscape Medical News. April 03, 2017. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/878092. Accessed: April 05, 2017.

39. Campisi G, Di Liberto C, Carroccio A, et al. Coeliac disease: oral ulcer prevalence, assessment of risk and association with gluten-free diet in children. Dig Liver Dis. 2008 Feb. 40(2):104-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Baydoun A, Maakaron JE, Halawi H, Abou Rahal J, Taher AT. Hematological manifestations of celiac disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2012 Dec. 47(12):1401-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Vajro P, Paolella G, Maggiore G, Giordano G. Pediatric celiac disease, cryptogenic hypertransaminasemia, and autoimmune hepatitis. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013 Jun. 56(6):663-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Tunio NA, Mansoor E, Sheriff MZ, Cooper GS, Sclair SN, Cohen SM. Epidemiology of Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH) in the United States Between 2014 and 2019: A Population-based National Study. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2021. 55:903-910. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Di Biase AR, Colecchia A, Scaioli E, et al. Autoimmune liver diseases in a paediatric population with coeliac disease - a 10-year single-centre experience. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010 Jan 15. 31 (2):253-60. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Caprai S, Vajro P, Ventura A, Sciveres M, Maggiore G, SIGENP Study Group for Autoimmune Liver Disorders in Celiac Disease. Autoimmune liver disease associated with celiac disease in childhood: a multicenter study. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008 Jul. 6 (7):803-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Lionetti E, Francavilla R, Pavone P, et al. The neurology of coeliac disease in childhood: what is the evidence? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2010 Aug. 52(8):700-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Lebwohl B, Haggård L, Emilsson L, et al. Psychiatric Disorders in Patients With a Diagnosis of Celiac Disease During Childhood From 1973 to 2016. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Oct. 19 (10):2093-2101.e13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Pope R, Sheiner E. Celiac disease during pregnancy: to screen or not to screen?. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2009 Jan. 279(1):1-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Marild K, Stordal K, Hagman A, Ludvigsson JF. Turner syndrome and celiac disease: a case-control study. Pediatrics. 2016 Feb. 137(2):e20152232. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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50. Doyle JB, Lebwohl B, Askling J, et al. Risk of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis in Patients With Celiac Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022 Dec 1. 117 (12):1971-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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54. Cristofori, F., F. S. D'Abramo, V. Rutigliano, V. N. Dargenio, S. Castellaneta, et al. Esophageal Eosinophilia and Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Celiac Children: A Ten Year Prospective Observational Study. Nutrients. 2021. 13:3755. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Marsh MN. Gluten, major histocompatibility complex, and the small intestine. A molecular and immunobiologic approach to the spectrum of gluten sensitivity ('celiac sprue'). Gastroenterology. 1992 Jan. 102 (1):330-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Kurppa K, Collin P, Viljamaa M, et al. Diagnosing mild enteropathy celiac disease: a randomized, controlled clinical study. Gastroenterology. 2009 Mar. 136(3):816-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. [Guideline] Mearin ML, Agardh D, Antunes H, et al. ESPGHAN Position Paper on Management and Follow-up of Children and Adolescents With Celiac Disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2022 Sep 1. 75 (3):369-86. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Sansotta N, Guandalini S, Romano S, et al. The Gluten Free Diet's Impact on Growth in Children with Celiac Disease in Two Different Countries. Nutrients. 2020 May 26. 12 (6):[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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Stefano Guandalini, MD, AGAF Founder and Director Emeritus, Celiac Disease Center, University of Chicago; Former Chief, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago Medicine; Professor Emeritus, The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine

Stefano Guandalini, MD, AGAF is a member of the following medical societies: American Gastroenterological Association, European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, North American Society for the Study of Celiac Disease

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant or trustee for: Imaware.health.

Phyllis A Vallee, MD Associate Program Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Henry Ford Hospital

Phyllis A Vallee, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American Medical Association, Michigan State Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Carmen Cuffari, MD Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology/Nutrition, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine

Carmen Cuffari, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Gastroenterology, American Gastroenterological Association, North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada

Disclosure: Received honoraria from Prometheus Laboratories for speaking and teaching; Received honoraria from Abbott Nutritionals for speaking and teaching. for: Abbott Nutritional, Abbvie, speakers' bureau.

Jorge H Vargas, MD Professor of Pediatrics and Clinical Professor of Pediatric Gastroenterology, University of California, Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine; Consulting Physician, Department of Pediatrics, University of California at Los Angeles Health System

Jorge H Vargas, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Liver Foundation, Latin American Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition, American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous author Ginette V Busschots, MD, to the writing and development of this article.

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