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Germaine L Defendi, MD, MS, FAAP Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center

Germaine L Defendi, MD, MS, FAAP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Surendra Varma, MD, FAAP, FACE, DSc(Hon) Associate Dean for Graduate Medical Education and Resident Affairs, Ted Hartman Endowed Chair in Medical Education, University Distinguished Professor and Vice-Chair of Pediatrics, Professor of Physiology and Health Organization Management, Program Director Emeritus, Pediatric Residency Program, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine

Surendra Varma, MD, FAAP, FACE, DSc(Hon) is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, Academic Pediatric Association, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American Pediatric Society, Society for Pediatric Research, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Diabetes Association, American Medical Association, Endocrine Society, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society, Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Margaret M McGovern, MD, PhD Professor and Chair of Pediatrics, Stony Brook University School of Medicine

Margaret M McGovern, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Society of Human Genetics

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Maria Descartes, MD Professor, Department of Human Genetics and Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine

Maria Descartes, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, American Medical Association, American Society of Human Genetics, Society for Inherited Metabolic Disorders, International Skeletal Dysplasia Society, Southeastern Regional Genetics Group

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Karl S Roth, MD Retired Professor and Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Creighton University School of Medicine

Karl S Roth, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Nutrition, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Nutrition, American Society of Nephrology, Association of American Medical Colleges, Medical Society of Virginia, New York Academy of Sciences, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society, Society for Pediatric Research, Southern Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous author Donald Nash to the original writing and development of this article.

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