Lymphadenopathy Questions & Answers

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2. George A, Andronikou S, Pillay T, Goussard P, Zar HJ. Intrathoracic tuberculous lymphadenopathy in children: a guide to chest radiography. Pediatr Radiol. 2017 Sep. 47 (10):1277-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

3. Larsson LO, Bentzon MW, Berg Kelly K, et al. Palpable lymph nodes of the neck in Swedish schoolchildren. Acta Paediatr. 1994 Oct. 83(10):1091-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Grossman M, Shiramizu B. Evaluation of lymphadenopathy in children. Curr Opin Pediatr. 1994. 6(1):68-76. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Moore SW, Schneider JW, Schaaf HS. Diagnostic aspects of cervical lymphadenopathy in children in the developing world: a study of 1,877 surgical specimens. Pediatr Surg Int. 2003 Jun. 19(4):240-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Miller DR. Hematologic malignancies: leukemia and lymphoma (Differential diagnosis of lymphadenopathy). Miller DR, Baehner RL, eds. Blood Diseases of Infancy and Childhood. Mosby Inc; 1995. 745-9.

7. Kliegman RM, Nieder ML, Super DM. Lymphadenopathy. Fletcher J, Bralow L, eds. Practical Strategies in Pediatric Diagnosis and Therapy. WB Saunders Co; 1996. 791-803.

8. Roberts KB, Tunnessen WW. Lymphadenopathy. Signs and Symptoms in Pediatrics. 3rd ed. Lippincott, Williams, and Wilkins; 1999. 63-72.

9. Henrickson SE, Dolan JG, Forbes LR, et al. Gain-of-Function STAT1 Mutation With Familial Lymphadenopathy and Hodgkin Lymphoma. Front Pediatr. 2019. 7:160. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

10. Nield LS, Kamat D. Lymphadenopathy in children: when and how to evaluate. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2004 Jan-Feb. 43(1):25-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Oguz A, Karadeniz C, Temel EA, Citak EC, Okur FV. Evaluation of peripheral lymphadenopathy in children. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2006 Oct-Nov. 23(7):549-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Yaris N, Cakir M, Sozen E, Cobanoglu U. Analysis of children with peripheral lymphadenopathy. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2006 Jul. 45(6):544-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Lin YC, Huang HH, Nong BR, et al. Pediatric Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease: a clinicopathologic study and the therapeutic effects of hydroxychloroquine. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2017 Sep 29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

14. Gray DM, Zar H, Cotton M. Impact of tuberculosis preventive therapy on tuberculosis and mortality in HIV-infected children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jan 21. CD006418. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Belard S, Heller T, Orie V, et al. Sonographic Findings of Abdominal Tuberculosis in Children With Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2017 Dec. 36 (12):1224-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Leung AK, Davies HD. Cervical lymphadenitis: etiology, diagnosis, and management. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2009 May. 11(3):183-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Lindeboom JA, Kuijper EJ, Bruijnesteijn van Coppenraet ES, Lindeboom R, Prins JM. Surgical excision versus antibiotic treatment for nontuberculous mycobacterial cervicofacial lymphadenitis in children: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 Apr 15. 44(8):1057-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Deosthali A, Donches K, DelVecchio M, Aronoff S. Etiologies of Pediatric Cervical Lymphadenopathy: A Systematic Review of 2687 Subjects. Glob Pediatr Health. 2019. 6:2333794X19865440. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

19. Lam DL, Flanagan MR. Axillary Lymphadenopathy After COVID-19 Vaccination in a Woman With Breast Cancer. JAMA. 2021 Dec 23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

20. Razek AA, Gaballa G, Elashry R, Elkhamary S. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of mediastinal lymphadenopathy in children. Jpn J Radiol. 2015 Jun 12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Tsujikawa T, Tsuchida T, Imamura Y, Kobayashi M, Asahi S, Shimizu K. Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease: PET/CT assessment of a rare cause of cervical lymphadenopathy. Clin Nucl Med. 2011 Aug. 36(8):661-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Quarles van Ufford H, Hoekstra O, de Haas M, Fijnheer R, Wittebol S, Tieks B. On the added value of baseline FDG-PET in malignant lymphoma. Mol Imaging Biol. 2010 Apr. 12(2):225-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Niedzielska G, Kotowski M, Niedzielski A, Dybiec E, Wieczorek P. Cervical lymphadenopathy in children--incidence and diagnostic management. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2007 Jan. 71(1):51-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Vayner N, Coret A, Polliack G, et al. Mesenteric lymphadenopathy in children examined by US for chronic and/or recurrent abdominal pain. Pediatr Radiol. 2003 Dec. 33(12):864-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Park JE, Ryu YJ, Kim JY, et al. Cervical lymphadenopathy in children: a diagnostic tree analysis model based on ultrasonographic and clinical findings. Eur Radiol. 2020 Aug. 30 (8):4475-85. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Ying M, Cheng SC, Ahuja AT. Diagnostic Accuracy of Computer-Aided Assessment of Intranodal Vascularity in Distinguishing Different Causes of Cervical Lymphadenopathy. Ultrasound Med Biol. 2016 Apr 27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Tan S, Miao LY, Cui LG, Sun PF, Qian LX. Value of Shear Wave Elastography Versus Contrast-Enhanced Sonography for Differentiating Benign and Malignant Superficial Lymphadenopathy Unexplained by Conventional Sonography. J Ultrasound Med. 2017 Jan. 36 (1):189-199. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Roth L, Moerdler S, Weiser D, Douglas L, Gill J, Roth M. Otolaryngologist and pediatric oncologist perspectives on the role of fine needle aspiration in diagnosing pediatric head and neck masses. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2019 Jun. 121:34-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Wilczynski A, Gorg C, Timmesfeld N, et al. Value and Diagnostic Accuracy of Ultrasound-Guided Full Core Needle Biopsy in the Diagnosis of Lymphadenopathy: A Retrospective Evaluation of 793 Cases. J Ultrasound Med. 2020 Mar. 39 (3):559-67. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Sher-Locketz C, Schubert PT, Moore SW, Wright CA. Successful Introduction of Fine Needle Aspiration Biopsy for Diagnosis of Pediatric Lymphadenopathy. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016 Dec 27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

31. Lange TJ, Kunzendorf F, Pfeifer M, Arzt M, Schulz C. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration in routine care - plenty of benign results and follow-up tests. Int J Clin Pract. 2012 May. 66(5):438-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Dhooria S, Madan K, Pattabhiraman V, et al. A multicenter study on the utility and safety of EBUS-TBNA and EUS-B-FNA in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016 May 3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Vikramjit S Kanwar, MBBS, MBA, MRCP(UK) Professor Emeritus of Pediatrics, Albany Medical College; Chief of Pediatric Oncology, Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital, Varanasi, India

Vikramjit S Kanwar, MBBS, MBA, MRCP(UK) is a member of the following medical societies: Children's Oncology Group, Indian Academy of Pediatrics, International Society of Pediatric Oncology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Larry I Lutwick, MD, FACP Editor-in-Chief, ID Cases; Moderator, Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases; Adjunct Professor of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate College of Medicine

Larry I Lutwick, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Physicians, American Federation for Clinical Research, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Infectious Diseases Society of New York, International Society for Infectious Diseases, New York Academy of Sciences, Veterans Affairs Society of Practitioners in Infectious Diseases

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Russell W Steele, MD Clinical Professor, Tulane University School of Medicine; Staff Physician, Ochsner Clinic Foundation

Russell W Steele, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Immunologists, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Louisiana State Medical Society, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Pediatric Research, Southern Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Gary J Noel, MD Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College; Attending Pediatrician, New York-Presbyterian Hospital

Gary J Noel, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Richard H Sills, MD Professor of Pediatrics, State University of New York Upstate Medical University

Richard H Sills, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Society of Hematology, American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous author Stephanie Jorgensen, MD, to the original writing and development of this article.

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