Tropical Splenomegaly Syndrome Differential Diagnoses

1. Pitney WR. The tropical splenomegaly syndrome. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1968. 62(5):717-28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Bryceson A, Fakunle YM, Fleming AF, et al. Malaria and splenomegaly. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1983. 77(6):879. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Fakunle YM. Tropical splenomegaly. Part 1: Tropical Africa. Clin Haematol. 1981 Oct. 10(3):963-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Facer CA, Crane GG. Hyperreactive malarious splenomegaly. Lancet. 1991 Jul 13. 338(8759):115-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Bates I, Bedu-Addo G. Review of diagnostic criteria of hyper-reactive malarial splenomegaly. Lancet. 1997 Apr 19. 349(9059):1178. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Crane GG. Hyperreactive malarious splenomegaly (tropical splenomegaly syndrome). Parasitol Today. 1986 Jan. 2(1):4-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Hoffman SL, Piessens WF, Ratiwayanto S, et al. Reduction of suppressor T lymphocytes in the tropical splenomegaly syndrome. N Engl J Med. 1984 Feb 9. 310(6):337-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Tubman VN, Makani J. Turf wars: exploring splenomegaly in sickle cell disease in malaria-endemic regions. Br J Haematol. 2017 Jun. 177 (6):938-46. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Piessens WF, Hoffman SL, Wadee AA, et al. Antibody-mediated killing of suppressor T lymphocytes as a possible cause of macroglobulinemia in the tropical splenomegaly syndrome. J Clin Invest. 1985 Jun. 75(6):1821-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

10. Alkadarou T, Musa A, Alkadarou A, Mahfouz MS, Troye-Blomberg M, Elhassan AM. Immunological characteristics of hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly syndrome in sudanese patients. J Trop Med. 2013. 2013:961051. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. David-West AS. Relapses after withdrawal of proguanil treatment in tropical splenomegaly syndrome. Br Med J. 1974 Aug 24. 3(5929):499-501. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Singh RK. Hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly in expatriates. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2007 Jan. 5(1):24-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Pachar-Flores MRA, Suarez JA, Chen R, et al. Tropical splenomegaly in a migrant-in-transit crossing the Darien gap, Panamá: A probable case of hyper-reactive malarial splenomegaly. IDCases. 2023. 34:e01892. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

14. Pryor DS. Tropical splenomegaly in New Guinea. Q J Med. 1967 Jul. 36(143):321-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Lowenthal MN, Hutt MS, Jones IG, Mohelsky V, O'Riordan EC. Massive splenomegaly in Northern Zambia. I. Analysis of 344 cases. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1980. 74(1):91-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Wu YH, Chuang SY, Hong WC, Lai YJ, Chang YL, Pang JH. In vivo and in vitro inhibitory effects of a traditional Chinese formulation on LPS-stimulated leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion and VCAM-1 gene expression. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012 Mar 6. 140(1):55-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Crane GG, Wells JV, Hudson P. Tropical splenomegaly syndrome in New Guinea. I. Natural history. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1972. 66(5):724-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Fakunle YM, Greenwood BM. Mortality in tropical splenomegaly syndrome. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1980. 74(3):419. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Bates I, Bedu-Addo G, Bevan DH, Rutherford TR. Use of immunoglobulin gene rearrangements to show clonal lymphoproliferation in hyper-reactive malarial splenomegaly. Lancet. 1991 Mar 2. 337(8740):505-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. De Iaco G, Saleri N, Perandin F, et al. Hyper-reactive malarial splenomegaly in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008 Feb. 78(2):239-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Foca E, Zulli R, Buelli F, De Vecchi M, Regazzoli A, Castelli F. P. falciparum malaria recrudescence in a cancer patient. Infez Med. 2009 Mar. 17(1):33-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Martin-Peprah R, Bates I, Bedu-Addo G, Kwiatkowski DP. Investigation of familial segregation of hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly in Kumasi, Ghana. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2006 Jan. 100(1):68-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Bhatia KK, Crane GG. HLA heterozygosity and hyperreactive malarious splenomegaly in the Upper Watut Valley of Papua New Guinea. P N G Med J. 1989 Dec. 32(4):277-86. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Van den Ende J, van Gompel A, van den Enden E, Taelman H, Vanham G, Vervoort T. Hyperreactive malaria in expatriates returning from sub-Saharan Africa. Trop Med Int Health. 2000 Sep. 5(9):607-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Allam MM, Alkadarou TA, Ahmed BG, et al. Hyper-reactive Malarial Splenomegaly (HMS) in malaria endemic area in Eastern Sudan. Acta Trop. 2008 Feb. 105(2):196-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Verma S, Aggarwal A. Hyper-reactive malarial splenomegaly: rare cause of pyrexia of unknown origin. Indian J Pediatr. 2007 Apr. 74(4):409-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Mitjà O, Hays R, Malken J, et al. HMS-related hemolysis after acute attacks of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2011 Oct. 85(4):616-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

28. Gai PP, Mockenhaupt FP, Siegert K, et al. Manifestation of malaria in Mangaluru, southern India. Malar J. 2018 Aug 29. 17 (1):313. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

29. Bradaschia-Correa V, Barrence FA, Ferreira LB, Massa LF, Arana-Chavez VE. Effect of alendronate on endochondral ossification in mandibular condyles of growing rats. Eur J Histochem. 2012 May 25. 56(2):e24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

30. Mothe B, Lopez-Contreras J, Torres OH, Munoz C, Domingo P, Gurgui M. A case of hyper-reactive malarial splenomegaly. The role of rapid antigen-detecting and PCR-based tests. Infection. 2008 Mar. 36(2):167-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. McGregor A, Doherty T, Lowe P, Chiodini P, Newsholme W. Hyperreactive Malarial Splenomegaly Syndrome--Can the Diagnostic Criteria Be Improved?. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015 Sep. 93 (3):573-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

32. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Malaria Diagnosis & Treatment in the United States. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/diagnosis_treatment/index.html. Updated Sep 22, 2015; Accessed: Aug 23, 2017.

33. Genderini FG, Haeseleer C, Cantinieaux B, Martin C. Case Report: Hyperreactive Malarial Splenomegaly Syndrome Diagnosed with Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification and Treated with Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapy. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2019 May. 100 (5):1187-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

34. Leoni S, Buonfrate D, Angheben A, Gobbi F, Bisoffi Z. The hyper-reactive malarial splenomegaly: a systematic review of the literature. Malar J. 2015 Apr 29. 14:185. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Bisoffi Z, Leoni S, Buonfrate D, et al. Early hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly and risk factors for evolution into the full-blown syndrome: a single-centre, retrospective, longitudinal study. Malar J. 2015 Dec 2. 14:487. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

36. Manenti F, Porta E, Esposito R, Antinori S. Treatment of hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly syndrome. Lancet. 1994 Jun 4. 343(8910):1441-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Aponte JJ, Aide P, Renom M, et al. Safety of the RTS,S/AS02D candidate malaria vaccine in infants living in a highly endemic area of Mozambique: a double blind randomised controlled phase I/IIb trial. Lancet. 2007 Nov 3. 370(9598):1543-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Agnandji ST, Lell B, Fernandes JF, Abossolo BP, Methogo BG. A phase 3 trial of RTS,S/AS01 malaria vaccine in African infants. N Engl J Med. 2012 Dec 13. 367(24):2284-95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Zambrano LD, Jentes E, Phares C, et al. Clinical Sequelae Associated with Unresolved Tropical Splenomegaly in a Cohort of Recently Resettled Congolese Refugees in the United States-Multiple States, 2015-2018. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2020 Jul. 103 (1):485-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

Mundeep K Kainth, DO, MPH, FAAP Attending Physician in Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Co-Lead of Antimicrobial Stewardship Program, Cohen Children's Medical Center; Assistant Professor, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell; Instructor, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Northwell Health

Mundeep K Kainth, DO, MPH, FAAP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mudra Kumar, MD, MRCP, FAAP Professor of Pediatrics, Course Director, Course 6 MSII, Preclerkship Director, Clinical Integration, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine

Mudra Kumar, MD, MRCP, FAAP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Society of Hematology, American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

James L Harper, MD Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology/Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Associate Chairman for Education, Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center; Associate Clinical Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Creighton University School of Medicine; Director, Continuing Medical Education, Children's Memorial Hospital; Pediatric Director, Nebraska Regional Hemophilia Treatment Center

James L Harper, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, American Federation for Clinical Research, Council on Medical Student Education in Pediatrics, Hemophilia and Thrombosis Research Society, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association for Cancer Research, American Society of Hematology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Vikramjit S Kanwar, MBBS, MBA, MRCP(UK) Professor Emeritus of Pediatrics, Albany Medical College; Chief of Pediatric Oncology, Homi Bhabha Cancer Hospital, Varanasi, India

Vikramjit S Kanwar, MBBS, MBA, MRCP(UK) is a member of the following medical societies: Children's Oncology Group, Indian Academy of Pediatrics, International Society of Pediatric Oncology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

J Martin Johnston, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Mercer University School of Medicine; Director of Hematology/Oncology, The Children's Hospital at Memorial University Medical Center; Consulting Oncologist/Hematologist, St Damien's Pediatric Hospital

J Martin Johnston, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Society of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, International Society of Paediatric Oncology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article