Pediatric Candidiasis Questions & Answers

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2. Zaoutis TE, Prasad PA, Localio AR, Coffin SE, Bell LM, Walsh TJ, et al. Risk Factors and Predictors for Candidemia in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit Patients: Implications for Prevention. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Jul 16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Lee JH, Hornik CP, Benjamin DK Jr, Herring AH, Clark RH, Cohen-Wolkowiez M, et al. Risk Factors for Invasive Candidiasis in Infants >1500 g Birth Weight. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012 Oct 4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

4. Green L, Dolen WK. Chronic Candidiasis in Children. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2017 May. 17 (5):31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Steinbach WJ, Roilides E, Berman D, Hoffman JA, Groll AH, Bin-Hussain I, et al. Results From a Prospective, International, Epidemiologic Study of Invasive Candidiasis in Children and Neonates. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012 Dec. 31(12):1252-1257. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Blyth CC, Palasanthiran P, O'Brien TA. Antifungal therapy in children with invasive fungal infections: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2007 Apr. 119(4):772-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Kaufman D, Boyle R, Hazen KC. Twice weekly fluconazole prophylaxis for prevention of invasive Candida infection in high-risk infants of J Pediatr</i>. Aug 2005. 147(2):172-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Healy CM, Baker CJ, Zaccaria E. Impact of fluconazole prophylaxis on incidence and outcome of invasive candidiasis in a neonatal intensive care unit. J Pediatr. Aug 2005. 147(2):166-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Uko S, Soghier LM, Vega M, Marsh J, Reinersman GT, Herring L, et al. Targeted short-term fluconazole prophylaxis among very low birth weight and extremely low birth weight infants. Pediatrics. 2006 Apr. 117(4):1243-52. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes D, Benjamin DK Jr, Calandra TF, Edwards JE Jr, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of candidiasis: 2009 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Mar 1. 48(5):503-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

11. Manzoni P, Wu C, Tweddle L, Roilides E. Micafungin in premature and non-premature infants: a systematic review of 9 clinical trials. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014 Nov. 33 (11):e291-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes DR, Clancy CJ, Marr KA, Ostrosky-Zeichner L, et al. Executive Summary: Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Feb 15. 62 (4):409-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Swift D. New Guideline Calls for Aggressive Treatment of Candidiasis. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/856415. December 23, 2015; Accessed: February 8, 2016.

14. Ericson JE, Kaufman DA, Kicklighter SD, et al. Fluconazole Prophylaxis for the Prevention of Candidiasis in Premature Infants: A Meta-analysis Using Patient-level Data. Clin Infect Dis. 2016 Sep 1. 63 (5):604-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Kicklighter SD, Springer SC, Cox T, et al. Fluconazole for prophylaxis against candidal rectal colonization in the very low birth weight infant. Pediatrics. Feb 2001. 107(2):293-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Long SS, Stevenson DK. Reducing Candida infections during neonatal intensive care: management choices, infection control, and fluconazole prophylaxis. J Pediatr. Aug 2005. 147(2):135-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Manzoni P, Arisio R, Mostert M. Prophylactic fluconazole is effective in preventing fungal colonization and fungal systemic infections in preterm neonates: a single-center, 6-year, retrospective cohort study. Pediatrics. Jan 2006. 117(1):e22-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Manzoni P, Stolfi I, Pugni L, Decembrino L, Magnani C, Vetrano G, et al. A multicenter, randomized trial of prophylactic fluconazole in preterm neonates. N Engl J Med. 2007 Jun 14. 356(24):2483-95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Mondal RK, Singhi SC, Chakrabarti A, M J. Randomized comparison between fluconazole and itraconazole for the treatment of candidemia in a pediatric intensive care unit: a preliminary study. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2004 Nov. 5(6):561-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Feja KN, Wu F, Roberts K, et al. Risk factors for candidemia in critically ill infants: a matched case-control study. J Pediatr. 2005 Aug. 147(2):156-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Kaufman DA. Aiming for zero: preventing invasive Candida infections in extremely preterm infants. NeoReviews. July, 2011. 12(7):e381-e392.

22. Alexander BD, Pfaller MA. Contemporary tools for the diagnosis and management of invasive mycoses. Clin Infect Dis. 2006. 43:S15-27.

23. Bacheller CD, Bernstein JM. Urinary tract infections. Med Clin North Am. 1997 May. 81(3):719-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Antifungal agents. Benitz WE, Tatro DS, eds. The Pediatric Drug Handbook. 3rd ed. St. Louis, Mo: Mosby; 1975.

25. Benjamin DK Jr, Stoll BJ, Gantz MG, Walsh MC, Sánchez PJ, Das A, et al. Neonatal Candidiasis: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Clinical Judgment. Pediatrics. 2010 Sep 27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Boiko S. Making rash decisions in the diaper area. Pediatr Ann. 2000 Jan. 29(1):50-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Briggs GG, Freeman RK, Yaffe SJ. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation. 3rd ed. Baltimore, Md: Williams & Wilkins; 1990.

28. Chow BD, Linden JR, Bliss JM. Candida parapsilosis and the neonate: epidemiology, virulence and host defense in a unique patient setting. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2012 Aug. 10(8):935-46. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

29. Denning DW, Evans EG, Kibbler CC, et al. Fungal nail disease: a guide to good practice (report of a Working Group of the British Society for Medical Mycology). BMJ. 1995 Nov 11. 311(7015):1277-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Dodds Ashley ES, Lewis R, Lewis JS. Pharmacology of sytemic antifungal agents. Clin Infect Dis. 2006. 43:S28-39.

31. du Vivier A, McKee PH, eds. Atlas of Clinical Dermatology. Philadelphia, Pa: WB Saunders; 1986.

32. Elder ME. T-cell immunodeficiencies. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2000 Dec. 47(6):1253-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Elewski BE. Cutaneous mycoses in children. Br J Dermatol. 1996 Jun. 134 Suppl 46:7-11: discussion 37-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Fidel PL Jr, Vazquez JA, Sobel JD. Candida glabrata: review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical disease with comparison to C. albicans. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999 Jan. 12(1):80-96. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Harriet Lane Service, Children's Medical and Surgical Center, Johns Hopkins Hospital. Formulary. Siberry GK, Iannone R, eds. The Harriet Lane Handbook. 15th ed. St Louis, Mo: Mosby; 2000.

36. Hay RJ. The management of superficial candidiasis. J Am Acad Dermatol. Jun 1999. 40(6 Pt 2):S35-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Hoppe JE. Treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis and candidal diaper dermatitis in neonates and infants: review and reappraisal. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Sep 1997. 16(9):885-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Hsieh E, Smith PB, Jacqz-Aigrain E, Kaguelidou F, Cohen-Wolkowiez M, Manzoni P, et al. Neonatal fungal infections: when to treat?. Early Hum Dev. 2012 May. 88 Suppl 2:S6-S10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

39. Kauffman CA. The changing landscape of invasive fungal infections: epidemiology, diagnosis, and pharmacologic options. Clin Infect Dis. 2006. 43:S1-2.

40. Kaufman DA. "Getting to Zero": preventing invasive Candida infections and eliminating infection-related mortality and morbidity in extremely preterm infants. Early Hum Dev. 2012 May. 88 Suppl 2:S45-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Kaufman DA. Challenging issues in neonatal candidiasis. Curr Med Res Opin. 2010 Jul. 26(7):1769-78. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Kaufman DA. Epidemiology and prevention of neonatal candidiasis: fluconazole for all neonates?. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2010. 659:99-119. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Kaufman DA. Neonatal candidiasis: clinical manifestations, management, and prevention strategies. J Pediatr. Apr 2010. 156 (Suppl 2):S53-S67.

44. Legrand F, Lecuit M, Dupont B, Bellaton E, Huerre M, Rohrlich PS. Adjuvant corticosteroid therapy for chronic disseminated candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Mar 1. 46(5):696-702. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Leibovitz E. Strategies for the prevention of neonatal candidiasis. Pediatr Neonatol. 2012 Apr. 53(2):83-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. McClelland RS, Richardson BA, Hassan WM, Graham SM, Kiarie J, Baeten JM, et al. Prospective Study of Vaginal Bacterial Flora and Other Risk Factors for Vulvovaginal Candidiasis. J Infect Dis. 2009 Jun 15. 199(12):1883-1890. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Odio CM, Araya R, Pinto LE. Caspofungin therapy of neonates with invasive candidiasis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. Dec 2004. 23(12):1093-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Odom RB. Common superficial fungal infections in immunosuppressed patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994 Sep. 31(3 Pt 2):S56-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Pappas PG, Kauffman CA, Andes D, Benjamin DK Jr, Calandra TF, Edwards JE Jr, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of candidiasis: 2009 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Mar 1. 48(5):503-35. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Pfaller MA, Pappas PG, Wingard JR. Invasive fungal pathogens: current epidemiological trends. Clin Infect Dis. 2006. 43:S3-14.

51. Schwarze R, Penk A, Pittrow L. Administration of fluconazole in children below 1 year of age. Mycoses. Apr 1999. 42(1-2):3-16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Singhi SC, Reddy TC, Chakrabarti A. Candidemia in a pediatric intensive care unit. Pediatr Crit Care Med. Jul 2004. 5(4):369-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Smith PB, Morgan J, Benjamin JD, et al. Excess costs of hospital care associated with neonatal candidemia. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2007 Mar. 26(3):197-200. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Smith PB, Steinbach WJ, Benjamin DK. Neonatal candidiasis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. Sep 2005. 19(3):603-15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Steinbach WJ. Antifungal agents in children. Pediatr Clin North Am. Jun 2005. 52(3):895-915, viii. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Winston DJ, Pakrasi A, Busuttil RW. Prophylactic fluconazole in liver transplant recipients. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. Nov 16 1999. 131(10):729-37. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Working Group of the British Society for Medical Mycology. Management of genital candidiasis. BMJ. 1995 May 13. 310(6989):1241-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Workowski KA, Berman SM. Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2006. MMWR Recomm Rep. Aug 4 2006. 55(RR-11):1-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Zaoutis TE. Pediatric fungal infections: a conundrum in children. J Pediatr. 2010/04. 156 (Suppl 2):S47-S52.

60. Zaoutis TE, Heydon K, Localio R, Walsh TJ, Feudtner C. Outcomes attributable to neonatal candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis. 2007 May 1. 44(9):1187-93. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Zaoutis TE, Jafri HS, Huang LM, Locatelli F, Barzilai A, Ebell W. A prospective, multicenter study of caspofungin for the treatment of documented Candida or Aspergillus infections in pediatric patients. Pediatrics. 2009 Mar. 123(3):877-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Tsekoura M, Ioannidou M, Pana ZD, Haidich AB, Antachopoulos C, Iosifidis E, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Echinocandins for the Treatment of Invasive Candidiasis in Children: A Meta-analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2019 Jan. 38 (1):42-49. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Sabah Kalyoussef, DO Attending Physician, Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Hospital Medicine, The Children's Hospital at St Peter's University Hospital

Sabah Kalyoussef, DO is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mark R Schleiss, MD Minnesota American Legion and Auxiliary Heart Research Foundation Chair of Pediatrics, Professor of Pediatrics, Division Director, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School

Mark R Schleiss, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Pediatric Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Russell W Steele, MD Clinical Professor, Tulane University School of Medicine; Staff Physician, Ochsner Clinic Foundation

Russell W Steele, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Immunologists, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Louisiana State Medical Society, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Pediatric Research, Southern Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Itzhak Brook, MD, MSc Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Georgetown University School of Medicine

Itzhak Brook, MD, MSc is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, American Medical Association, American Society for Microbiology, Association of Military Surgeons of the US, Infectious Diseases Society of America, International Immunocompromised Host Society, International Society for Infectious Diseases, Medical Society of the District of Columbia, New York Academy of Sciences, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, Society for Pediatric Research, Southern Medical Association, Society for Ear, Nose and Throat Advances in Children, American Federation for Clinical Research, Surgical Infection Society, Armed Forces Infectious Diseases Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael E Greenberg, MD, MPH Clinical Instructor, Department of Pediatrics, University of California at San Francisco

Michael E Greenberg, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, Ambulatory Pediatric Association, American Academy of Pediatrics, and American Public Health Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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