Impetigo Questions & Answers

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21. George A, Rubin G. A systematic review and meta-analysis of treatments for impetigo. Br J Gen Pract. 2003 Jun. 53(491):480-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

22. Koning S, van der Sande R, Verhagen AP, van Suijlekom-Smit LW, Morris AD, Butler CC, et al. Interventions for impetigo. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jan 18. 1:CD003261. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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29. Belgemen T, Suskan E, Dogu F, Ikinciogullari A. Selective immunoglobulin M deficiency presenting with recurrent impetigo: a case report and review of the literature. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2009. 149(3):283-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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32. Gorani A, Oriani A, Cambiaghi S. Seborrheic dermatitis-like tinea faciei. Pediatr Dermatol. 2005 May-Jun. 22(3):243-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Hayakawa K, Hirahara K, Fukuda T, Okazaki M, Shiohara T. Risk factors for severe impetiginized atopic dermatitis in Japan and assessment of its microbiological features. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2009 Jul. 34(5):e63-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Rashid R, Hymes S. Folliculitis, follicular mucinosis, and papular mucinosis as a presentation of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Dermatol Online J. 2009 May 15. 15(5):16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Gorwitz RJ. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology and update. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008 Oct. 27(10):925-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. [Guideline] Rush, J and Dinulos JG. Childhood skin and soft tissue infections: new discoveries and guidelines regarding the management of bacterial soft tissue infections, molluscum contagiousum, and warts. Current Opinion in Pediatrics. April 2016. 28(2):250-257.

37. [Guideline] Stevens DL, Bisno AL, Chambers HF, Dellinger EP, Goldstein EJ, Gorbach SL, et al. Practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of skin and soft tissue infections: 2014 update by the infectious diseases society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2014 Jul 15. 59 (2):147-59. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. American Academy of Pediatrics. Staphylococcal infections. Pickering LK, ed. Red Book: 2012 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 30th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2015. 715-732.

39. Scheinfeld N. A Primer In Topical Antibiotics For The Skin And Eyes. J Drugs Dermatol. 2008. 7(4):409-415.

40. Wilkinson RD, Carey WD. Topical mupirocin versus topical neosporin in the treatment of cutaneous infections. Int J Dermatol. 1988 Sep. 27(7):514-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Bass JW, Chan DS, Creamer KM, et al. Comparison of oral cephalexin, topical mupirocin and topical bacitracin for treatment of impetigo. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1997 Jul. 16(7):708-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Silverberg N, Block S. Uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections in children: diagnosis and current treatment options in the United States. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2008 Apr. 47(3):211-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Koning S, van der Wouden JC, Chosidow O, et al. Efficacy and safety of retapamulin ointment as treatment of impetigo: randomized double-blind multicentre placebo-controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2008 May. 158(5):1077-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Jacobs MR. Retapamulin: a semisynthetic pleuromutilin compound for topical treatment of skin infections in adults and children. Future Microbiol. 2007 Dec. 2(6):591-600. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Jones RS. Expert advice on erasing the MRSA threat. Pract Dermatol. 2005. 34-7.

46. Drucker CR. Update on topical antibiotics in dermatology. Dermatol Ther. 2012 Jan-Feb. 25(1):6-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Woodford N, Afzal-Shah M, Warner M, Livermore DM. In vitro activity of retapamulin against Staphylococcus aureus isolates resistant to fusidic acid and mupirocin. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008 Oct. 62(4):766-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Boyd B, Castañar J. Retapamulin. Drugs Future. 2006. 31:107.

49. Oranje AP, Chosidow O, Sacchidanand S, et al. Topical retapamulin ointment, 1%, versus sodium fusidate ointment, 2%, for impetigo: a randomized, observer-blinded, noninferiority study. Dermatology. 2007. 215(4):331-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin. Retapamulin for impetigo and other infections. Drug Ther Bull. 2008 Oct. 46(10):76-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Denton M, O'Connell B, Bernard P, Jarlier V, Williams Z, Henriksen AS. The EPISA study: antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus causing primary or secondary skin and soft tissue infections in the community in France, the UK and Ireland. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008 Mar. 61(3):586-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. O'Neill AJ, Larsen AR, Skov R, Henriksen AS, Chopra I. Characterization of the epidemic European fusidic acid-resistant impetigo clone of Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol. 2007 May. 45(5):1505-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

53. Laurent F, Tristan A, Croze M, et al. Presence of the epidemic European fusidic acid-resistant impetigo clone (EEFIC) of Staphylococcus aureus in France. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009 Feb. 63(2):420-1; author reply 421. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Alsterholm M, Flytström I, Bergbrant IM, Faergemann J. Fusidic acid-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in impetigo contagiosa and secondarily infected atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol. 2010. 90(1):52-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Gelmetti C. Local antibiotics in dermatology. Dermatol Ther. 2008 May-Jun. 21(3):187-95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Langner A, Chu A, Goulden V, Ambroziak M. A randomized, single-blind comparison of topical clindamycin + benzoyl peroxide and adapalene in the treatment of mild to moderate facial acne vulgaris. Br J Dermatol. 2008 Jan. 158(1):122-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Capizzi R, Landi F, Milani M, Amerio P. Skin tolerability and efficacy of combination therapy with hydrogen peroxide stabilized cream and adapalene gel in comparison with benzoyl peroxide cream and adapalene gel in common acne. A randomized, investigator-masked, controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 2004 Aug. 151(2):481-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Groner A, Laing-Grayman D, Silverberg NB. Outpatient pediatric community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a polymorphous clinical disease. Cutis. 2008 Feb. 81(2):115-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

59. Bernard P. Management of common bacterial infections of the skin. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008 Apr. 21(2):122-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Romani L, Whitfeld MJ, Koroivueta J, Kama M, Wand H, Tikoduadua L, et al. Mass Drug Administration for Scabies Control in a Population with Endemic Disease. N Engl J Med. 2015 Dec 10. 373 (24):2305-13. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Garcia J. Mass Treatment With Ivermectin Decreases Scabies Prevalence. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/856375. December 22, 2015; Accessed: April 1, 2016.

62. Yang LP, Keam SJ. Retapamulin: a review of its use in the management of impetigo and other uncomplicated superficial skin infections. Drugs. 2008. 68(6):855-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Rist T, Parish LC, Capin LR, Sulica V, Bushnell WD, Cupo MA. A comparison of the efficacy and safety of mupirocin cream and cephalexin in the treatment of secondarily infected eczema. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2002 Jan. 27(1):14-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

64. Albareda, N, Rosenberg, N., Roth, S, et al. Ozenoxacin, a Novel, Topical Antibacterial Agent for Treatment of Adult and Pediatric Patients with Impetigo: Phase III Clinical Trials Pooled Analysis Results. SKIN The Journal of Cutaneous Medicine. 2017. 1(3.1):s102. [Full Text].

65. Gropper S, Albareda N, Chelius K, Kruger D, Mitha I, Vahed Y, et al. Ozenoxacin 1% cream in the treatment of impetigo: a multicenter, randomized, placebo- and retapamulin-controlled clinical trial. Future Microbiol. 2014. 9 (9):1013-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Chamny S, Miron D, Lumelsky N, Shalev H, Gazal E, Keynan R, et al. Topical Minocycline Foam for the Treatment of Impetigo in Children: Results of a Randomized, Double-Blind, Phase 2 Study. J Drugs Dermatol. 2016 Oct 1. 15 (10):1238-1243. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. Rosen T, Albareda N, Rosenberg N, Alonso FG, Roth S, Zsolt I, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Ozenoxacin Cream for Treatment of Adult and Pediatric Patients With Impetigo: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Dermatol. 2018 Jul 1. 154 (7):806-813. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Lisa S Lewis, MD Attending Physician, Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center

Lisa S Lewis, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Russell W Steele, MD Clinical Professor, Tulane University School of Medicine; Staff Physician, Ochsner Clinic Foundation

Russell W Steele, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Immunologists, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Louisiana State Medical Society, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Pediatric Research, Southern Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Sadegh Amini, MD Senior Clinical Research Fellow, Skin Research Group, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami

Sadegh Amini, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, International Society for Dermatologic Surgery, and International Society of Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Anne E Burdick, MD, MPH Professor of Dermatology, Director of Leprosy Program, Associate Dean for TeleHealth and Clinical Outreach, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine

Anne E Burdick, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: Women's Dermatologic Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Ivan D Camacho, MD, Assistant Professor of Clinical Dermatology, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami, Leonard M Miller School of Medicine; Medical Director of Dermatology Clinic, Jackson Memorial

Ivan D Camacho, MD is a member of American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Association, American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, American Society for MOHS Surgery, Florida Medical Association, International Society of Dermatology, and the Women's Dermatologic Society.

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Burke A Cunha, MD Professor of Medicine, State University of New York School of Medicine at Stony Brook; Chief, Infectious Disease Division, Winthrop-University Hospital

Burke A Cunha, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Chest Physicians, American College of Physicians, and Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Joseph Domachowske, MD Professor of Pediatrics, Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, State University of New York Upstate Medical University

Joseph Domachowske, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and Phi Beta Kappa

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Pamela L Dyne, MD Professor of Clinical Medicine/Emergency Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Attending Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center

Pamela L Dyne, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, American College of Emergency Physicians, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Dirk M Elston, MD Director, Ackerman Academy of Dermatopathology, New York

Dirk M Elston, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Glenn J Fennelly, MD, MPH Director, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Jacobi Medical Center; Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine

Glenn J Fennelly, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Allan D Friedman, MD, MPH (Retired) Chairman, Division of General Pediatrics, VCUH Health System; Professor of Pediatrics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine

Allan D Friedman, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Eric M Kardon, MD, FACEP Attending Emergency Physician, Georgia Emergency Medicine Specialists; Physician, Division of Emergency Medicine, Athens Regional Medical Center

Eric M Kardon, MD, FACEP is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Paul Krusinski, MD Director of Dermatology, Fletcher Allen Health Care; Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine

Paul Krusinski, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American College of Physicians, and Society for Investigative Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Andrew C Miller, MD Fellow, Department of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center; Attending Physician, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center

Andrew C Miller, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

James J Nordlund, MD Professor Emeritus, Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine

James J Nordlund, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, Sigma Xi, and Society for Investigative Dermatology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Rashid M Rashid, MD, PhD Resident Physician, Department of Dermatology, University of Texas, Houston, MD Anderson Cancer Center, and Morzak Research Initiative

Rashid M Rashid, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, Council for Nail Disorders, Houston Dermatological Society, Texas Dermatological Society, and Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

John Ratz, MD, MBA Staff Dermatologist, Mohs Surgeon, Center for Dermatology and Skin Surgery, Inc

John Ratz, MD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American College of Mohs Micrographic Surgery and Cutaneous Oncology, American College of Physicians, American Society for Dermatologic Surgery, American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery, International Society for Dermatologic Surgery, and Southern Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Gregory William Rutecki, MD Associate Professor, Program Director, Department of Internal Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University

Gregory William Rutecki, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American College of Physicians, American Society of Nephrology, National Kidney Foundation, and Society of General Internal Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mark A Silverberg, MD, FACEP, MMB Assistant Professor, Assistant Residency Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, State University of New York Downstate College of Medicine; Consulting Staff, Department of Emergency Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital, Kings County Hospital, University Hospital, State University of New York Downstate at Brooklyn

Mark A Silverberg, MD, FACEP, MMB is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors, and Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Francisco Talavera, PharmD, PhD Adjunct Assistant Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Medscape Salary Employment

Daniel B Ward Jr, MD Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina

Daniel B Ward Jr, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Association, and South Carolina Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Eric L Weiss, MD, DTM&H Director of Stanford Travel Medicine, Medical Director of Stanford Lifeflight, Assistant Professor, Departments of Emergency Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine

Eric L Weiss, MD, DTM&H is a member of the following medical societies: American College of Emergency Physicians, American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, American Medical Association, American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Physicians for Social Responsibility, Southeastern Surgical Congress, Southern Association for Oncology, Southern Clinical Neurological Society, and Wilderness Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Michael J Wells, MD Associate Professor, Department of Dermatology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul L Foster School of Medicine

Michael J Wells, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Dermatology, American Medical Association, and Texas Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Pharmacy Editor, Medscape Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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