Pertussis Questions & Answers

1. Robinson CL, Romero JR, Kempe A, Pellegrini C, Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Child/Adolescent Immunization Work Group. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Recommended Immunization Schedule for Children and Adolescents Aged 18 Years or Younger - United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017 Feb 10. 66 (5):134-135. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

2. [Guideline] Kim DK, Riley LE, Harriman KH, Hunter P, Bridges CB. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Recommended Immunization Schedule for Adults Aged 19 Years or Older - United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017 Feb 10. 66 (5):136-138. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Outbreaks of respiratory illness mistakenly attributed to pertussis--New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Tennessee, 2004-2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2007 Aug 24. 56(33):837-42. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Marconi GP, Ross LA, Nager AL. An upsurge in pertussis: epidemiology and trends. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2012 Mar. 28(3):215-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Walsh PF, Kimmel L, Feola M, Tran T, Lim C, De Salvia L, et al. Prevalence of Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis in infants presenting to the emergency department with bronchiolitis. J Emerg Med. 2011 Mar. 40(3):256-61. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Bisgard KM, Pascual FB, Ehresmann KR, Miller CA, Cianfrini C, Jennings CE, et al. Infant pertussis: who was the source?. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004 Nov. 23(11):985-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Skoff TH, Kenyon C, Cocoros N, Liko J, Miller L, Kudish K, et al. Sources of Infant Pertussis Infection in the United States. Pediatrics. 2015 Sep 7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Skwarecki B. Infants More Likely to Contract Pertussis From Siblings. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/850781. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/850781. September 10, 2015; Accessed: September 14, 2015.

9. Liu BC, McIntyre P, Kaldor JM, Quinn H, Ridda I, Banks E. Pertussis in older adults: prospective study of risk factors and morbidity. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Jul 26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Cherry JD, Heininger U. Pertussis and other Bordetella Infections. In: Feigin RD, Demmler GJ, Cherry JD, Kaplan SL. Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Vol 1. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co.; 2004:1588-1608:

11. Notes from the field : use of tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis vaccine (Tdap) in an Emergency Department - Arizona, 2009-2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012 Jan 27. 61(3):55-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Winter K, Harriman K, Zipprich J, Schechter R, Talarico J, Watt J, et al. California Pertussis Epidemic, 2010. J Pediatr. 2012 Jul 20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Pertussis epidemic - washington, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2012 Jul 20. 61:517-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Pertussis--United States, 2001-2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005 Dec 23. 54(50):1283-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Centers for Disease Control. Pertussis. In: Atkinson W, Wolfe S, Hamborsky. J. Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases. 12th ed. Washington DC: Public Health Foundation; 2012:215-231:[Full Text].

16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pertussis (Whooping Cough): Outbreaks. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/outbreaks.html. Accessed: Aug 9, 2012.

17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pertussis (Whooping Cough): Surveillance and Reporting. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/surv-reporting.html. Accessed: Aug 10, 2012.

18. Christensen J. California declares whooping cough epidemic. CNN.com. Available at http://www.cnn.com/2014/06/13/health/whooping-cough-california/. Accessed: June 17, 2014.

19. Atwell JE, Van Otterloo J, Zipprich J, Winter K, Harriman K, Salmon DA. Nonmedical vaccine exemptions and pertussis in California, 2010. Pediatrics. 2013 Oct. 132(4):624-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. CDC. Pertussis Outbreak Trends. CDC.gov. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/pertussis/outbreaks/trends.html. Accessed: June 17, 2014.

21. Barclay L. Pertussis Cases Near 10,000 in California This Year. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/835898. Accessed: December 5, 2014.

22. Winter K, Glaser C, Watt J, et al. Pertussis Epidemic — California, 2014. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014. 63:1129-1132. [Full Text].

23. Bettiol S, Thompson MJ, Roberts NW, Perera R, Heneghan CJ, Harnden A. Symptomatic treatment of the cough in whooping cough. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Jan 20. CD003257. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Nitsch-Osuch A, Kuchar E, Modrzejewska G, Pirogowicz I, Zycinska K, Wardyn K. Epidemiology of Pertussis in an Urban Region of Poland: Time for a Booster for Adolescents and Adults. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2013. 755:203-212. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pertussis--United States, 2001-2003 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. Dec 23, 2005;54(50):1283-6. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5450a3.htm. Accessed: Aug 9, 2012.

26. Mattoo S, Cherry JD. Molecular pathogenesis, epidemiology, and clinical manifestations of respiratory infections due to Bordetella pertussis and other Bordetella subspecies. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2005 Apr. 18(2):326-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

27. Bisgard K. Background. Guidelines for the Control of Pertussis Outbreaks. 2000;1-1-1-11:[Full Text].

28. Vitek CR, Pascual FB, Baughman AL, Murphy TV. Increase in deaths from pertussis among young infants in the United States in the 1990s. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003 Jul. 22(7):628-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Guinto-Ocampo H, Bennett JE, Attia MW. Predicting pertussis in infants. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008 Jan. 24(1):16-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Waknine Y. Infant Pertussis: Early White Blood Cell Counts Crucial. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/777732. Accessed: January 23, 2013.

31. Murray E, Nieves D, Bradley J, et al. Characteristics of Severe Bordetella pertussis Infection Among Infants Older than 90 Days of Age Admitted to Pediatric Intensive Care Units – Southern California, September 2009–June 2011. J Ped Infect Dis. 2013.

32. Edwards K, Decker MD. Pertussis vaccine. In: Plotkin SA, Orenstein WA. Vaccines. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2004:471-528.

33. de Greeff SC, Mooi FR, Westerhof A, Verbakel JM, Peeters MF, Heuvelman CJ, et al. Pertussis disease burden in the household: how to protect young infants. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 May 15. 50(10):1339-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. [Guideline] American Academy of Pediatric Committee on Infectious Diseases. Prevention of pertussis among adolescents: recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis (Tdap) vaccine. Pediatrics. 2006 Mar. 117(3):965-78. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases. Additional recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced-content diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap). Pediatrics. 2011 Oct. 128(4):809-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) in pregnant women and persons who have or anticipate having close contact with an infant aged MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep</i>. 2011 Oct 21. 60(41):1424-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. McNamara LA, Skoff T, Faulkner A, Miller L, Kudish K, Kenyon C, et al. Reduced Severity of Pertussis in Persons With Age-Appropriate Pertussis Vaccination-United States, 2010-2012. Clin Infect Dis. 2017 Sep 1. 65 (5):811-818. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Harding A. Pertussis Vaccine Appears Safe in Pregnancy for Mom, Baby. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/834849. Accessed: November 14, 2014.

39. Kharbanda EO, Vazquez-Benitez G, Lipkind HS, Klein NP, Cheetham TC, Naleway A, et al. Evaluation of the association of maternal pertussis vaccination with obstetric events and birth outcomes. JAMA. 2014 Nov 12. 312(18):1897-904. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Skoff TH, Blain AE, Watt J, Scherzinger K, McMahon M, Zansky SM, et al. Impact of the US Maternal Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Acellular Pertussis Vaccination Program on Preventing Pertussis in Infants Clin Infect Dis</i>. 2017 Sep 28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Kent A, Ladhani SN, Andrews NJ, et al. Pertussis Antibody Concentrations in Infants Born Prematurely to Mothers Vaccinated in Pregnancy. Pediatrics. Online: June 2016:

42. Pregnant Women and Tdap Vaccination, Internet Panel Survey, United States, April 2016. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/imz-managers/coverage/adultvaxview/tdap-report-2016.html. September 19, 2016; Accessed: October 20, 2017.

43. Recommended childhood and adolescent immunization schedule--United States, 2014. Pediatrics. 2014 Feb. 133(2):357-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. American Academy of Pediatrics. Pickering LK, ed. Red Book: 2012 Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 29th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2012.

45. Zhang L, Prietsch SO, Axelsson I, Halperin SA. Acellular vaccines for preventing whooping cough in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jan 19. CD001478. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Glanz JM, McClure DL, Magid DJ, Daley MF, France EK, Salmon DA, et al. Parental refusal of pertussis vaccination is associated with an increased risk of pertussis infection in children. Pediatrics. 2009 Jun. 123(6):1446-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

47. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Immunization Schedules. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/index.html. Accessed: Aug 9, 2012.

48. Brown T. Pertussis vaccines: whole-cell more durable than acellular. Medscape Medical News. May 22, 2013. [Full Text].

49. Klein NP, Bartlett J, Fireman B, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Baxter R. Comparative Effectiveness of Acellular Versus Whole-Cell Pertussis Vaccines in Teenagers. Pediatrics. 2013 May 20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. New S, Winter K, Boyte R, Harriman K, Gutman A, Christiansen A, et al. Barriers to Receipt of Prenatal Tetanus Toxoid, Reduced Diphtheria Toxoid, and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine Among Mothers of Infants Aged MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep</i>. 2018 Sep 28. 67 (38):1068-1071. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Pitisuttithum P, Chokephaibulkit K, Sirivichayakul C, et al. Antibody persistence after vaccination of adolescents with monovalent and combined acellular pertussis vaccines containing genetically inactivated pertussis toxin: a phase 2/3 randomised, controlled, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018 Sep 25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Updated recommendations for use of tetanus toxoid, reduced diphtheria toxoid, and acellular pertussis vaccine (Tdap) in pregnant women--Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013 Feb 22. 62 (7):131-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

Joseph J Bocka, MD Attending Emergency Physician, OhioHealth MedCentral Health System; Emergency Medical Service Medical Director, Multiple EMS Service; Ohio EMS RPAB Region Chair

Joseph J Bocka, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, Phi Beta Kappa, American College of Emergency Physicians, American Medical Association, National Association of EMS Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Bryon K McNeil, MD Medical Director, Bioterrorism and Emergency Preparedness, Clinical Assistant Professor, Departments of Internal Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Via Christ Regional Medical Center

Bryon K McNeil, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, Pennsylvania Medical Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Stephen C Aronoff, MD Waldo E Nelson Chair and Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Temple University School of Medicine

Stephen C Aronoff, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Russell W Steele, MD Clinical Professor, Tulane University School of Medicine; Staff Physician, Ochsner Clinic Foundation

Russell W Steele, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Immunologists, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Louisiana State Medical Society, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Pediatric Research, Southern Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Hazel Guinto-Ocampo, MD Consulting Staff, Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine, Nemours Children's Clinic, AI duPont Hospital for Children

Hazel Guinto-Ocampo, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics and American College of Emergency Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Gary J Noel, MD Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College; Attending Pediatrician, New York-Presbyterian Hospital

Gary J Noel, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mark R Schleiss, MD American Legion Chair of Pediatrics, Professor of Pediatrics, Division Director, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota Medical School

Mark R Schleiss, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Pediatric Society, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, and Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Garry Wilkes MBBS, FACEM, Director of Emergency Medicine, Calvary Hospital, Canberra, ACT; Adjunct Associate Professor, Edith Cowan University; Clinical Associate Professor, Rural Clinical School, University of Western Australia

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Grace M Young, MD Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland Medical Center

Grace M Young, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics and American College of Emergency Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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