Pediatric Pharyngitis Questions & Answers

1. Sykes EA, Wu V, Beyea MM, Simpson MTW, Beyea JA. Pharyngitis: approach to diagnosis and treatment. Can Fam Physician. 2020 Apr. 66 (4):251-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

2. [Guideline] Michigan Quality Improvement Consortium. Acute pharyngitis in children. Southfield (MI): Michigan Quality Improvement Consortium; 2009 Jan. [Full Text].

3. Fretzayas A, Moustaki M, Kitsiou S, Nychtari G, Nicolaidou P. The clinical pattern of group C streptococcal pharyngitis in children. J Infect Chemother. 2009 Aug. 15(4):228-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Centor RM, Atkinson TP, Ratliff AE, Xiao L, Crabb DM, Estrada CA, et al. The clinical presentation of Fusobacterium-positive and streptococcal-positive pharyngitis in a university health clinic: a cross-sectional study. Ann Intern Med. 2015 Feb 17. 162(4):241-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Barclay L. Sore Throat in Young Adults May Indicate Serious Illness. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/839928. Accessed: May 26, 2015.

6. American Academy of Pediatrics. Report of the committee on infectious diseases. Pickering LK, Baker CJ, McMillan J, Long S (Editors). Red Book. . 27th Edition. Elk Grove Village, Il: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2006:430-439.:

7. Shapiro DJ, Barak-Corren Y, Neuman MI, Mandl KD, Harper MB, Fine AM. Identifying Patients at Lowest Risk for Streptococcal Pharyngitis: A National Validation Study. J Pediatr. 2020 May. 220:132-138.e2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Miller KM, Tanz RR, Shulman ST, et al. Standardization of Epidemiological Surveillance of Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis(). Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022 Sep. 9 (Suppl 1):S5-S14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

9. [Guideline] Ayanruoh S, Waseem M, Quee F, Humphrey A, Reynolds T. Impact of rapid streptococcal test on antibiotic use in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2009 Nov. 25(11):748-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Shulman ST, Bisno AL, Clegg HW, Gerber MA, Kaplan EL, Lee G, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis: 2012 update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Nov 15. 55 (10):1279-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Harrist A, Van Houten C, Shulman ST, Van Beneden C, Murphy T. Notes from the Field: Group A Streptococcal Pharyngitis Misdiagnoses at a Rural Urgent-Care Clinic--Wyoming, March 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016 Jan 1. 64 (50-51):1383-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Leung AKC, Lam J, Barankin B, Leong KF, Hon KL. Group A ß-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis: An updated review. Curr Pediatr Rev. 2023 Jul 26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. el-Daher NT, Hijazi SS, Rawashdeh NM, al-Khalil IA, Abu-Ektaish FM, Abdel-Latif DI. Immediate vs. delayed treatment of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis with penicillin V. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1991 Feb. 10(2):126-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. WANNAMAKER LW, RAMMELKAMP CH Jr, DENNY FW, BRINK WR, HOUSER HB, HAHN EO, et al. Prophylaxis of acute rheumatic fever by treatment of the preceding streptococcal infection with various amounts of depot penicillin. Am J Med. 1951 Jun. 10(6):673-95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Bulloch B, Kabani A, Tenenbein M. Oral dexamethasone for the treatment of pain in children with acute pharyngitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2003 May. 41(5):601-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Krober MS, Weir MR, Themelis NJ, van Hamont JE. Optimal dosing interval for penicillin treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1990 Nov. 29(11):646-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Altamimi S, Khalil A, Khalaiwi KA, Milner R, Pusic MV, Al Othman MA. Short versus standard duration antibiotic therapy for acute streptococcal pharyngitis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Jan 21. CD004872. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. van Driel ML, De Sutter AI, Thorning S, Christiaens T. Different antibiotic treatments for group A streptococcal pharyngitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Mar 17. 3 (3):CD004406. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

19. Hersh AL, Fleming-Dutra KE, Shapiro DJ, Hyun DY, Hicks LA, Outpatient Antibiotic Use Target-Setting Workgroup. Frequency of First-line Antibiotic Selection Among US Ambulatory Care Visits for Otitis Media, Sinusitis, and Pharyngitis. JAMA Intern Med. 2016 Dec 1. 176 (12):1870-1872. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Skwarecki B. Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics Prescribed Too Often, Despite Guidelines. Medscape's News & Persepctive. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/871016. October 27, 2016; Accessed: August 25, 2017.

21. Fleming-Dutra KE, Hersh AL, Shapiro DJ, et al. Prevalence of Inappropriate Antibiotic Prescriptions Among US Ambulatory Care Visits, 2010-2011. JAMA. 2016 May 3. 315 (17):1864-73. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Wing A, Villa-Roel C, Yeh B, Eskin B, Buckingham J, Rowe BH. Effectiveness of corticosteroid treatment in acute pharyngitis: a systematic review of the literature. Acad Emerg Med. 2010 May. 17(5):476-83. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Schwartz RH, Kim D, Martin M, Pichichero ME. A Reappraisal of the Minimum Duration of Antibiotic Treatment Before Approval of Return to School for Children With Streptococcal Pharyngitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2015 Dec. 34 (12):1302-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Haelle T. Strep Throat: Treated Kids Can Return to School in 12 Hours. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/850338. September 02, 2015; Accessed: April 26, 2016.

Harold K Simon, MD, MBA Professor of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Vice Chair Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta at Egleston

Harold K Simon, MD, MBA is a member of the following medical societies: Academic Pediatric Association, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Pediatric Society, Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Honor Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Russell W Steele, MD Clinical Professor, Tulane University School of Medicine; Staff Physician, Ochsner Clinic Foundation

Russell W Steele, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Immunologists, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Louisiana State Medical Society, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Pediatric Research, Southern Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Leslie L Barton, MD Professor Emerita of Pediatrics, University of Arizona College of Medicine

Leslie L Barton, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, Association of Pediatric Program Directors, Infectious Diseases Society of America, and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Rosemary Johann-Liang, MD Medical Officer, Infectious Diseases and Pediatrics, Division of Special Pathogens and Immunological Drug Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration

Rosemary Johann-Liang, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Medical Association, and Infectious Diseases Society of America

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Garry Wilkes, MBBS, FACEM Director of Emergency Medicine, Calvary Hospital, Canberra, ACT; Adjunct Associate Professor, Edith Cowan University, Western Australia

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Grace M Young, MD Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland Medical Center

Grace M Young, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics and American College of Emergency Physicians

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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