Pediatric Pyelonephritis Questions & Answers

1. Montini G, Tullus K, Hewitt I. Febrile urinary tract infections in children. N Engl J Med. 2011 Jul 21. 365(3):239-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Özçakar ZB, Yalçinkaya F, Kavaz A, Kadioglu G, Elhan AH, Aysev D, et al. Urinary tract infections owing to ESBL-producing bacteria: microorganisms change--clinical pattern does not. Acta Paediatr. 2011 Aug. 100(8):e61-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Lundstedt AC, Leijonhufvud I, Ragnarsdottir B, et al. Inherited susceptibility to acute pyelonephritis: a family study of urinary tract infection. J Infect Dis. 2007 Apr 15. 195(8):1227-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Faust WC, Diaz M, Pohl HG. Incidence of post-pyelonephritic renal scarring: a meta-analysis of the dimercapto-succinic acid literature. J Urol. 2009 Jan. 181(1):290-7; discussion 297-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Bhat RG, Katy TA, Place FC. Pediatric urinary tract infections. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2011 Aug. 29(3):637-53. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Morello W, La Scola C, Alberici I, Montini G. Acute pyelonephritis in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2016 Aug. 31 (8):1253-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Shaikh N, Ewing AL, Bhatnagar S, Hoberman A. Risk of renal scarring in children with a first urinary tract infection: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2010 Dec. 126(6):1084-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Lee YJ, Lee JH, Park YS. Risk factors for renal scar formation in infants with first episode of acute pyelonephritis: a prospective clinical study. J Urol. 2012 Mar. 187(3):1032-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Gauthier M, Gouin S, Phan V, Gravel J. Association of malodorous urine with urinary tract infection in children aged 1 to 36 months. Pediatrics. 2012 May. 129(5):885-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Williams GJ, Macaskill P, Chan SF, Turner RM, Hodson E, Craig JC. Absolute and relative accuracy of rapid urine tests for urinary tract infection in children: a meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010 Apr. 10(4):240-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Lertdumrongluk K, Thongmee T, Kerr SJ, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y, Rianthavorn P. Diagnostic accuracy of urine heparin binding protein for pediatric acute pyelonephritis. Eur J Pediatr. 2014 Jun 26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Pecile P, Romanello C. Procalcitonin and pyelonephritis in children. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2007 Feb. 20(1):83-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Leroy S, Fernandez-Lopez A, Nikfar R, Romanello C, Bouissou F, Gervaix A, et al. Association of Procalcitonin With Acute Pyelonephritis and Renal Scars in Pediatric UTI. Pediatrics. 2013 May. 131(5):870-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Leroy S, Gervaix A. Procalcitonin: a key marker in children with urinary tract infection. Adv Urol. 2011. 2011:397618. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

15. Shaikh N, Borrell JL, Evron J, Leeflang MM. Procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate for the diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Jan 20. 1:CD009185. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Kim BK, Yim HE, Yoo KH. Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin: a marker of acute pyelonephritis in children. Pediatr Nephrol. 2017 Mar. 32 (3):477-484. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Lee JW, Her SM, Kim JH, Lee KH, Eisenhut M, Park SJ, et al. D-dimer as a marker of acute pyelonephritis in infants younger than 24 months with urinary tract infection. Pediatr Nephrol. 2018 Apr. 33 (4):631-637. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. American Academy of Pediatrics. Urinary Tract Infection: Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of the Initial UTI in Febrile Infants and Children 2 to 24 Months. Pediatrics. 2011 Aug 28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Wang YT, Chiu NT, Chen MJ, et al. Correlation of renal ultrasonographic findings with inflammatory volume from dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scans in children with acute pyelonephritis. J Urol. 2005 Jan. 173(1):190-4; discussion 194. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. [Guideline] Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection; Steering Committe on Quality Improvement and Management. Urinary Tract Infection: Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of the Initial UTI in Febrile Infants and Children 2 to 24 Months. Pediatrics. 2011 Aug 28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Lee YJ, Lee JH, Park YS. Risk Factors for Renal Scar Formation in Infants With First Episode of Acute Pyelonephritis: A Prospective Clinical Study. J Urol. 2012 Jan 18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Kovanlikaya A, Okkay N, Cakmakci H, et al. Comparison of MRI and renal cortical scintigraphy findings in childhood acute pyelonephritis: preliminary experience. Eur J Radiol. 2004 Jan. 49(1):76-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Kavanagh EC, Ryan S, Awan A, et al. Can MRI replace DMSA in the detection of renal parenchymal defects in children with urinary tract infections?. Pediatr Radiol. 2005 Mar. 35(3):275-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Bocquet N, Sergent Alaoui A, Jais JP, Gajdos V, Guigonis V, Lacour B. Randomized trial of oral versus sequential IV/oral antibiotic for acute pyelonephritis in children. Pediatrics. 2012 Feb. 129(2):e269-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Montini G, Rigon L, Zucchetta P, et al. Prophylaxis after first febrile urinary tract infection in children? A multicenter, randomized, controlled, noninferiority trial. Pediatrics. 2008 Nov. 122(5):1064-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Williams G, Craig JC. Long-term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Mar 16. CD001534. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Lee SJ, Cha J, Lee JW. Probiotics prophylaxis in pyelonephritis infants with normal urinary tracts. World J Pediatr. 2016 Apr 8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Hodson EM, Willis NS, Craig JC. Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Oct 17. CD003772. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Williams GJ, Wei L, Lee A, Craig JC. Long-term antibiotics for preventing recurrent urinary tract infection in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19. 3:CD001534. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Garin EH, Olavarria F, Garcia Nieto V, et al. Clinical significance of primary vesicoureteral reflux and urinary antibiotic prophylaxis after acute pyelonephritis: a multicenter, randomized, controlled study. Pediatrics. 2006 Mar. 117(3):626-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Bloomfield P, Hodson EM, Craig JC. Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005 Jan 25. CD003772. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Huang YY, Chen MJ, Chiu NT, Chou HH, Lin KY, Chiou YY. Adjunctive Oral Methylprednisolone in Pediatric Acute Pyelonephritis Alleviates Renal Scarring. Pediatrics. 2011 Aug 15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. La Scola C, De Mutiis C, Hewitt IK, Puccio G, Toffolo A, Zucchetta P, et al. Different Guidelines for Imaging After First UTI in Febrile Infants: Yield, Cost, and Radiation. Pediatrics. 2013 Mar. 131(3):e665-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Finnell SM, Carroll AE, Downs SM. Technical report—Diagnosis and management of an initial UTI in febrile infants and young children. Pediatrics. 2011 Sep. 128(3):e749-70. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Beetz R. Evaluation and management of urinary tract infections in the neonate. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2012 Apr. 24(2):205-11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Beetz R, Westenfelder M. Antimicrobial therapy of urinary tract infections in children. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2011 Dec. 38 Suppl:42-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Gil-Ruiz MA, Alcaraz AJ, Marañón RJ, Navarro N, Huidobro B, Luque A. Electrolyte disturbances in acute pyelonephritis. Pediatr Nephrol. 2012 Mar. 27(3):429-33. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Hewitt IK, Montini G. Pediatric febrile urinary tract infections: the current state of play. Ital J Pediatr. 2011 Nov 30. 37:57. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

39. Hunziker M, Mohanan N, D'Asta F, Puri P. Incidence of febrile urinary tract infections in children after successful endoscopic treatment of vesicoureteral reflux: a long-term follow-up. J Pediatr. 2012 Jun. 160(6):1015-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Lee JH, Kim MK, Park SE. Is a routine voiding cystourethrogram necessary in children after the first febrile urinary tract infection?. Acta Paediatr. 2012 Mar. 101(3):e105-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Printza N, Farmaki E, Piretzi K, Arsos G, Kollios K, Papachristou F. Acute phase 99mTc-dimercaptosuccinic acid scan in infants with first episode of febrile urinary tract infection. World J Pediatr. 2012 Feb. 8(1):52-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Santoro JD, Carroll VG, Steele RW. Diagnosis and management of urinary tract infections in neonates and young infants. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2013 Feb. 52(2):111-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Patrick B Hinfey, MD Emergency Medicine Residency Director, Department of Emergency Medicine, Newark Beth Israel Medical Center; Clinical Assistant Professor of Emergency Medicine, New York College of Osteopathic Medicine

Patrick B Hinfey, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Emergency Medicine, Wilderness Medical Society, American College of Emergency Physicians, Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Russell W Steele, MD Clinical Professor, Tulane University School of Medicine; Staff Physician, Ochsner Clinic Foundation

Russell W Steele, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Immunologists, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Louisiana State Medical Society, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Pediatric Research, Southern Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Stephen C Aronoff, MD Waldo E Nelson Chair and Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Temple University School of Medicine

Stephen C Aronoff, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society and Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Leslie L Barton, MD Professor Emerita of Pediatrics, University of Arizona College of Medicine

Leslie L Barton, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, Association of Pediatric Program Directors, Infectious Diseases Society of America, and Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Andrea CS McCoy, MD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Temple University School of Medicine; Chief Medical Officer, Jeanes Hospital

Andrea CS McCoy, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article