Further Outpatient Care

Monitor patient's hydration status as an outpatient. Admission is warranted if the patient has signs and/or symptoms of dehydration. Monitor patients treated for enteric fever for possibility of relapse. Follow up on all blood cultures if the patient is being treated as an outpatient. Monitor for postinfectious functional GI disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome.^[37]

Further Inpatient Care

If admission is necessary in patients with Salmonella infection, monitor the patient's hydration and electrolyte levels, continue intravenous (IV) or oral (PO) antibiotics as needed, and observe for and appropriately treat complications of Salmonella.^[38]

Deterrence/Prevention

Good personal hygiene, handwashing, and appropriate sanitary practices deter spread of the disease. Standard precautions and contact precautions must be used during the entire hospitalization of patients, especially for children who are in diapers or who are incontinent.

A study of 123 children with laboratory-confirmed Salmonella infections and 139 control children who had not experienced symptoms of GI illness during the month prior to the interviews concluded that after adjusting for race and household income, Salmonella infections were significantly associated with attendance of a daycare center, contact with cats, and contact with reptiles during the 3 days prior to the onset of illness.^[39]Thus, exposure to environmental sources may play an important role in sporadic infections with Salmonella.

For patients hospitalized with S. typhi infection, precautions must be continued until results of 3 stool cultures are negative 48 hours after stopping antibiotic therapy.^[5]

No vaccination is available for nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS). Typhoid vaccination can help reduce the incidence of typhoid fever (50-75% efficacy). Although vaccinations enhance resistance to infection with S. typhi, immunity is overcome by a large bacterial inoculum. Immunization is recommended for the following individuals: (1) those who travel to an endemic area, (2) those with intimate exposure to an individual known to be a carrier of typhoid fever, (3) laboratory workers with frequent contact with S. typhi, and (4) individuals living in typhoid-endemic areas outside the United States.^[5]

Two vaccinations are available in the United States. PO Ty21a vaccine is a live attenuated vaccination that can be given to children aged 6 years or older. Vaccination should be completed at least 1 week before exposure. A booster dose is recommended after 5 years in the case of continuous or repeated exposure. Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine can be given to patients aged 2 years or older and consists of one intramuscular injection at least 2 weeks before exposure. A booster is recommended in 2 years.^{[5, 7]}

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Media Gallery

Under a moderately-high magnification of 8000X, this colorized scanning electron micrograph (SEM) revealed the presence of a small grouping of gram-negative Salmonella typhimurium bacteria that had been isolated from a pure culture. Image courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Bette Jensen, and Janice Haney Carr.

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Author

Archana Chatterjee, MD, PhD Professor and Chair, Department of Pediatrics, Senior Associate Dean for Faculty Development, Sanford School of Medicine, The University of South Dakota

Archana Chatterjee, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, International Society for Infectious Diseases, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Coauthor(s)

Catherine OKeefe, DNP, APRN-NP Associate Professor of Nursing, Clinician-Educator Track Graduate Curriculum Coordinator, Nurse Practitioner Programs, Creighton University, School of Nursing; Pediatric Nurse Practitioner, Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Creighton University Medical Center

Catherine OKeefe, DNP, APRN-NP is a member of the following medical societies: American Association of Nurse Practitioners, National Association of Pediatric Nurse Practitioners, Nebraska Nurse Practitioners

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Meera Varman, MD Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Creighton University Medical Center

Meera Varman, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America

Disclosure: Serve(d) as a speaker or a member of a speakers bureau for: Pfizer, Sanofi<br/>Received research grant from: Merck; MedImmune; Regenron; Pfizer;Novartis; Sanof; GSK<br/>Received honoraria from phamaceutical companies for speaking and teaching; Received grant/research funds from phamaceutical companies for clinical trials research.

Specialty Editor Board

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Larry I Lutwick, MD, FACP Editor-in-Chief, ID Cases; Moderator, Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases; Adjunct Professor of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate College of Medicine

Larry I Lutwick, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Physicians, American Federation for Clinical Research, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Infectious Diseases Society of New York, International Society for Infectious Diseases, New York Academy of Sciences, Veterans Affairs Society of Practitioners in Infectious Diseases

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Russell W Steele, MD Clinical Professor, Tulane University School of Medicine; Staff Physician, Ochsner Clinic Foundation

Russell W Steele, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Immunologists, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Louisiana State Medical Society, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Pediatric Research, Southern Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Additional Contributors

José Rafael Romero, MD Director of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Fellowship Program, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Combined Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Creighton University/University of Nebraska Medical Center

José Rafael Romero, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, New York Academy of Sciences, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

The authors and editors of Medscape Reference gratefully acknowledge the contributions of previous author Diana L Crevi, MD, to the original writing and development of this article.

Pediatric Salmonella Infection Follow-up

Further Outpatient Care

Further Inpatient Care

Deterrence/Prevention

References

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