Shigella Infection Questions & Answers

1. Gomez HF, Cleary TG. Shigella species. Principles and Practice of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 1997. 429-34.

2. Phalipon A, Sansonetti PJ. Shigella's ways of manipulating the host intestinal innate and adaptive immune system: a tool box for survival?. Immunol Cell Biol. 2007 Feb-Mar. 85(2):119-29. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Brenner D J ( e book - William B. Whitman). Family 1 : Enterobacteriaceae. Krieg, N.R. & Holt, J.C. (eds., 1984). Bergey's manual of systematic bacteriology. Krieg, N.R. & Holt, J.C. (eds., 1984). e book: (Baltimore, MD : Williams & Wilkins, ©1984-©1989), e book-Bergey¿s Manual Trust 2011; 1984 (e book 2011). Vol 1: 408-420. [Full Text].

4. Edwards BH. Salmonella and Shigella species. Clin Lab Med. 1999 Sep. 19(3):469-87, v. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Friedrich AW, Bielaszewska M, Zhang WL, et al. Escherichia coli harboring Shiga toxin 2 gene variants: frequency and association with clinical symptoms. J Infect Dis. 2002 Jan 1. 185(1):74-84. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. Richardson SE, Rotman TA, Jay V, et al. Experimental verocytotoxemia in rabbits. Infect Immun. 1992 Oct. 60(10):4154-67. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Ingersoll MA, Zychlinsky A. ShiA abrogates the innate T-cell response to Shigella flexneri infection. Infect Immun. 2006 Apr. 74(4):2317-27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Keusch GT, Jacewicz M, Acheson DW, et al. Globotriaosylceramide, Gb3, is an alternative functional receptor for Shiga-like toxin 2e. Infect Immun. 1995 Mar. 63(3):1138-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Schuller S. Shiga toxin interaction with human intestinal epithelium. Toxins (Basel). 2011 Jun. 3(6):626-39. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Crim SM, Iwamoto M, Huang JY, Griffin PM, Gilliss D, Cronquist AB, et al. Incidence and trends of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food--Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network, 10 U.S. sites, 2006-2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014 Apr 18. 63 (15):328-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). National Shigella Surveillance Annual Report, 2012. Atlanta, Georgia: US Department of Health and Human Services, CDC; 2014.

12. Doore SM, Schrad JR, Dean WF, Dover JA, Parent KN. Shigella phages isolated during a dysentery outbreak reveal uncommon structures and broad species diversity. J Virol. 2018 Feb 7. J Virol. 2018 Feb 7. pii: JVI.02117-17. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02117-17. JVI.02117-17:pii: JVI.02117-17. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02117-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Arnold SLM. Target product profile and development path for shigellosis treatment with antibacterials. ACS Infect Dis. 2021 May 14. 7 (5):948-58. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. CDC. Vital signs: incidence and trends of infection with pathogens transmitted commonly through food--foodborne diseases active surveillance network, 10 U.S. sites, 1996-2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2011 Jun 10. 60(22):749-55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Plotz FB, Arets HG, Fleer A, et al. Lethal encephalopathy complicating childhood shigellosis. Eur J Pediatr. 1999 Jul. 158(7):550-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Bennish ML, Khan WA, Begum M, et al. Low risk of hemolytic uremic syndrome after early effective antimicrobial therapy for Shigella dysenteriae type 1 infection in Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Feb 1. 42(3):356-62. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Tzipori S, Sheoran A, Akiyoshi D, et al. Antibody therapy in the management of shiga toxin-induced hemolytic uremic syndrome. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004 Oct. 17(4):926-41, table of contents. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Baer JT, Vugia DJ, Reingold AL, et al. HIV infection as a risk factor for shigellosis. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999 Nov-Dec. 5(6):820-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Khan WA, Dhar U, Salam MA, et al. Central nervous system manifestations of childhood shigellosis: prevalence, risk factors, and outcome. Pediatrics. 1999 Feb. 103(2):E18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Tickell KD, Brander RL, Atlas HE, Pernica JM, Walson JL, Pavlinac PB. Identification and management of Shigella infection in children with diarrhoea: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2017 Dec. 5 (12):e1235-e1248. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Ochoa TJ, Cleary TG. Shigella. Kliegman, Behrman, Jenson, Stanton, eds. Nelson Textbook of Paediatrics. 19th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2011. 191-Pg 959-961. [Full Text].

22. Mitra AK, Alvarez JO, Wahed MA, et al. Predictors of serum retinol in children with shigellosis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Nov. 68(5):1088-94. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Nataro JP. Treatment of bacterial enteritis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1998 May. 17(5):420-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Rahman MJ, Sarkar P, Roy SK. Effect of zinc supplementation as adjunct therapy on the systemic immune response in shigellosis. Am J Clin Nutr. Feb, 2005. 81(2):495-502. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. World Health Organization. Zinc in a diarrhoeal disease control programme. 2008. Available at http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241596473_eng.pdf. Accessed: June 19, 2012.

26. Goodridge LD. Bacteriophages for managing Shigella in various clinical and non-clinical settings. Bacteriophage. 2013;3(1):e25098. doi:10.4161/bact.25098. Goodridge LD. Bacteriophages for managing Shigella in various clinical and non-clinical settings. Bacteriophage. 2013;3(1):e25098. doi:10.4161/bact.25098. Bacteriophage. 2013 Jan 1; 3(1): e25098. 2013 Jan 1; 3(1): e25098. doi:10.4161/bact.25098. 2013;3(1):e25098.:[QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

27. Fogg PCM, Rigden DJ, Saunders JR, McCarthy AJ, Allison HE. Characterization of the relationship between integrase, excisionase and antirepressor activities associated with a superinfecting Shiga toxin encoding bacteriophage. Nucleic Acids Research. 2011 Mar:Published online 2010 Nov 8. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkq923. 2011;3 , 39(6):2116–2129. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Christopher PR, David KV, John SM, Sankarapandian V. Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Aug 4. CD006784. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Basualdo W, Arbo A. Randomized comparison of azithromycin versus cefixime for treatment of shigellosis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003 Apr. 22(4):374-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Niyogi SK. Shigellosis. J Microbiol. 2005 Apr. 43(2):133-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Heiman KE, Karlsson M, Grass J, Howie B, Kirkcaldy RD, Mahon B, et al. Notes from the field: Shigella with decreased susceptibility to azithromycin among men who have sex with men - United States, 2002-2013. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014 Feb 14. 63(6):132-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Brooks M. Growing Concern Over Drug-Resistant Shigella in US. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/846038. June 06, 2015; Accessed: April 22, 2016.

33. Ciprofloxacin- and Azithromycin-Nonsusceptible Shigellosis in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at http://www.bt.cdc.gov/han/han00379.asp. June 4, 2015; Accessed: April 22, 2016.

34. Bowen A, Eikmeier D, Talley P, Siston A, Smith S, Hurd J, et al. Notes from the Field: Outbreaks of Shigella sonnei Infection with Decreased Susceptibility to Azithromycin Among Men Who Have Sex with Men - Chicago and Metropolitan Minneapolis-St. Paul, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015 Jun 5. 64 (21):597-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Increase in extensively drug-resistant shigellosis in the United States. CDC Health Alert Network. Available at https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/2023/pdf/CDC_HAN_486.pdf. 2023 Feb 24; Accessed: March 2, 2023.

36. Appannanavar SB, Goyal K, Garg R, Ray P, Rathi M, Taneja N. Shigellemia in a post renal transplant patient: a case report and literature review. J infect Dev Ctries. Feb 13, 2014. 8:237-239. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. World Health Organization. Implementing the new recommendations on the clinical management of diarrhea. 2006. Available at http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2006/9241594217_eng.pdf. Accessed: June 19, 2012.

38. Katz DE, Coster TS, Wolf MK, et al. Two studies evaluating the safety and immunogenicity of a live, attenuated Shigella flexneri 2a vaccine (SC602) and excretion of vaccine organisms in North American volunteers. Infect Immun. 2004 Feb. 72(2):923-30. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Wu T, Grassel C, Levine MM, Barry EM. Live attenuated Shigella dysenteriae type 1 vaccine strains overexpressing shiga toxin B subunit. Infect Immun. 2011 Dec. 79(12):4912-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

40. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). Safety and Immunogenicity of Two Live, Attenuated Oral Shigella Sonnei Vaccines: WRSs2 and WRSs3. Available at http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01336699. Accessed: June 6, 2014.

41. World Health Organization. Guidelines for the control of Shigellosis, including epidemics due to Shigella dysenteriae type 1. Available at http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2005/9241592330.pdf. Accessed: June 19, 2012.

Jaya Sureshbabu, MBBS, MRCPCH(UK), MRCPI(Paeds), MRCPS(Glasg), DCH(Glasg) Consultant Neonatologist and Pediatrian, Sree Gokulam Medical College and Research Foundation, India

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Poothirikovil Venugopalan, MBBS, MD, FRCPCH Consultant Pediatrician with Cardiology Expertise, Department of Child Health, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals, NHS Trust; Honorary Senior Clinical Lecturer, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, UK

Poothirikovil Venugopalan, MBBS, MD, FRCPCH is a member of the following medical societies: British Congenital Cardiac Association, Paediatrician with Cardiology Expertise Special Interest Group, Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Walid Abuhammour, MD, MBA, CIC, FAAP, FIDSA Professor of Pediatrics, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine; Adjunct Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Hashemite University, Jordan; Head of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Al Jalila Children's Hospital, UAE

Walid Abuhammour, MD, MBA, CIC, FAAP, FIDSA is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, International Society for Infectious Diseases, International Society for Infectious Diseases, Jordan Medical Association, Jordan Pediatric Society, Michigan Infectious Disease Society, Michigan State Medical Society, National Arab American Medical Association, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Larry I Lutwick, MD, FACP Editor-in-Chief, ID Cases; Moderator, Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases; Adjunct Professor of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate College of Medicine

Larry I Lutwick, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Physicians, American Federation for Clinical Research, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Infectious Diseases Society of New York, International Society for Infectious Diseases, New York Academy of Sciences, Veterans Affairs Society of Practitioners in Infectious Diseases

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Russell W Steele, MD Clinical Professor, Tulane University School of Medicine; Staff Physician, Ochsner Clinic Foundation

Russell W Steele, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Immunologists, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Louisiana State Medical Society, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Pediatric Research, Southern Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Glenn Fennelly, MD, MPH Director, Division of Infectious Diseases, Lewis M Fraad Department of Pediatrics, Jacobi Medical Center; Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine

Glenn Fennelly, MD, MPH is a member of the following medical societies: Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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