Staphylococcus Aureus Infection Questions & Answers

1. Jamal N, Teach SJ. Necrotizing fasciitis. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2011 Dec. 27(12):1195-9; quiz 1200-2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Jaramillo D. Infection: musculoskeletal. Pediatr Radiol. 2011 May. 41 Suppl 1:S127-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Chou H, Teo HE, Dubey N, Peh WC. Tropical pyomyositis and necrotizing fasciitis. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 2011 Nov. 15(5):489-505. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Lane JW, Tang J, Taggard D, Byun R. Successful use of daptomycin and linezolid, without surgical intervention, in the treatment of extensive epidural abscess and bacteremia due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Infect Dis Clin Pract. Sept 2011. 19(5):362-364.

5. Abdel-Haq N, Quezada M, Asmar BI. Retropharyngeal Abscess in Children: The Rising Incidence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012 Jul. 31(7):696-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

6. McNeil JC, Hulten KG, Kaplan SL, Mahoney DH, Mason EO. Staphylococcus aureus Infections in Pediatric Oncology Patients: High Rates of Antimicrobial Resistance, Antiseptic Tolerance and Complications. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012 Sep 11. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Elliott DJ, Zaoutis TE, Troxel AB, Loh A, Keren R. Empiric Antimicrobial Therapy for Pediatric Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections in the Era of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pediatrics. 2009 Jun. 123(6):e959-66. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Lee S, Choe PG, Song KH, Park SW, Kim HB, Kim NJ, et al. Is cefazolin inferior to nafcillin for treatment of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia?. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011 Nov. 55(11):5122-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

9. Williams DJ, Cooper WO, Kaltenbach LA, Dudley JA, Kirschke DL, Jones TF, et al. Comparative Effectiveness of Antibiotic Treatment Strategies for Pediatric Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections. Pediatrics. 2011 Aug 15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. [Guideline] Liu C, Bayer A, Cosgrove SE, et al. Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America for the Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Infections in Adults and Children. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Feb 1. 52(3):e18-e55. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Kemper AR, Dolor RJ, Fowler VG Jr. Management of skin abscesses by primary care pediatricians. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 2011 Jun. 50(6):525-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Sreeramoju P, Porbandarwalla NS, Arango J, Latham K, Dent DL, Stewart RM, et al. Recurrent skin and soft tissue infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus requiring operative debridement. Am J Surg. 2011 Feb. 201(2):216-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Pääkkönen M, Kallio PE, Kallio MJ, Peltola H. Management of Osteoarticular Infections Caused by Staphylococcus aureus Is Similar to That of Other Etiologies: Analysis of 199 Staphylococcal Bone and Joint Infections. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012 May. 31(5):436-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Boggs W. Daptomycin Treats S. aureus Bacteremia Without Nephrotoxicity. Medscape Medical News. January 8, 2013. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/777276. Accessed: January 15, 2013.

15. von Eiff C, Becker K, Machka K, Stammer H, Peters G. Nasal carriage as a source of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Study Group. N Engl J Med. 2001 Jan 4. 344(1):11-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. van Belkum A, Verkaik NJ, de Vogel CP, Boelens HA, Verveer J, Nouwen JL. Reclassification of Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage Types. J Infect Dis. 2009 Jun 15. 199(12):1820-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Wenzel RP, Perl TM. The significance of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus and the incidence of postoperative wound infection. J Hosp Infect. 1995 Sep. 31(1):13-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

18. Ruimy R, Angebault C, Djossou F, et al. Are host genetics the predominant determinant of persistent nasal Staphylococcus aureus carriage in humans?. J Infect Dis. 2010 Sep 15. 202(6):924-34. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Chen CJ, Hsu KH, Lin TY, Hwang KP, Chen PY, Huang YC. Factors associated with nasal colonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthy children in Taiwan. J Clin Microbiol. 2011 Jan. 49(1):131-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

20. Nerby JM, Gorwitz R, Lesher L, Juni B, Jawahir S, Lynfield R. Risk Factors for Household Transmission of Community-associated Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011 Nov. 30(11):927-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Fritz SA, Krauss MJ, Epplin EK, Burnham CA, Garbutt J, Dunne WM, et al. The natural history of contemporary Staphylococcus aureus nasal colonization in community children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011 Apr. 30(4):349-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

22. Gesualdo F, Bongiorno D, Rizzo C, Bella A, Menichella D, Stefani S, et al. MRSA Nasal Colonization in Children: Prevalence Meta-Analysis, Review of Risk Factors and Molecular Genetics. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2013 Jan 21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Peters PJ, Brooks JT, McAllister SK, Limbago V, Lowery HK, Fosheim G, et al. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization of the groin and risk for clinical infection among HIV-infected adults. Emerg Infect Dis. April 2013. 19(4):623-629.

24. Faden H, Lesse AJ, Trask J, Hill JA, Hess DJ, Dryja D. Importance of Colonization Site in the Current Epidemic of Staphylococcal Skin Abscesses. Pediatrics. 2010 Feb 15. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Lee CJ, Sankaran S, Mukherjee DV, Apa ZL, Hafer CA, Wright L. Staphylococcus aureus oropharyngeal carriage in a prison population. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Mar 15. 52(6):775-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Nowrouzian FL, Dauwalder O, Meugnier H, Bes M, Etienne J, Vandenesch F, et al. Adhesin and Superantigen Genes and the Capacity of Staphylococcus aureus to Colonize the Infantile Gut. J Infect Dis. 2011 Sep. 204(5):714-21. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Milstone AM, Song X, Coffin S, Elward A. Identification and eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization in the neonatal intensive care unit: results of a national survey. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2010 Jul. 31(7):766-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

28. Nakamura MM, McAdam AJ, Sandora TJ, Moreira KR, Lee GM. Higher prevalence of pharyngeal than nasal Staphylococcus aureus carriage in pediatric intensive care units. J Clin Microbiol. 2010 Aug. 48(8):2957-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Matheson EM, Mainous AG 3rd, Everett CJ, King DE. Tea and coffee consumption and MRSA nasal carriage. Ann Fam Med. 2011 Jul-Aug. 9(4):299-304. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

30. Zanger P, Nurjadi D, Gaile M, Gabrysch S, Kremsner PG. Hormonal Contraceptive Use and Persistent Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Dec. 55(12):1625-32. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Bartlett AH, Hulten KG. Staphylococcus aureus pathogenesis: secretion systems, adhesins, and invasins. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010 Sep. 29(9):860-1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Tuchscherr L, Heitmann V, Hussain M, Viemann D, Roth J, von Eiff C, et al. Staphylococcus aureus small-colony variants are adapted phenotypes for intracellular persistence. J Infect Dis. 2010 Oct 1. 202(7):1031-40. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Verkaik NJ, Dauwalder O, Antri K, Boubekri I, de Vogel CP, Badiou C. Immunogenicity of toxins during Staphylococcus aureus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Jan 1. 50(1):61-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Aalfs AS, Oktarina DA, Diercks GF, Jonkman MF, Pas HH. Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome: loss of desmoglein 1 in patient skin. Eur J Dermatol. 2010 Jul-Aug. 20(4):451-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Bassetti M, Nicco E, Mikulska M. Why is community-associated MRSA spreading across the world and how will it change clinical practice?. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009 Jul. 34 Suppl 1:S15-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. David MZ, Daum RS. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology and clinical consequences of an emerging epidemic. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2010 Jul. 23(3):616-87. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Pickett A, Wilkinson M, Menoch M, Snell J, Yniguez R, Bulloch B. Changing incidence of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus skin abscesses in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2009 Dec. 25(12):831-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Kairam N, Silverman ME, Salo DF, Baorto E, Lee B, Amato CS. Cutaneous Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a Suburban Community Hospital Pediatric Emergency Department. J Emerg Med. 2011 Nov. 41(5):460-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Boucher HW, Corey GR. Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Jun 1. 46 Suppl 5:S344-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Tenover FC, Goering RV. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain USA300: origin and epidemiology. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2009 Sep. 64(3):441-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Talan DA, Krishnadasan A, Gorwitz RJ, Fosheim GE, Limbago B, Albrecht V, et al. Comparison of Staphylococcus aureus From Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections in US Emergency Department Patients, 2004 and 2008. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Jul. 53(2):144-149. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Long CB, Madan RP, Herold BC. Diagnosis and management of community-associated MRSA infections in children. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2010 Feb. 8(2):183-95. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Lowy FD. How Staphylococcus aureus adapts to its host. N Engl J Med. 2011 May 26. 364(21):1987-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Hay R, Noor NM. Panton-Valentine leucocidin and severe Staphylococcus aureus infections of the skin: sole culprit or does it have accomplices?. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2011 Apr. 24(2):97-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Ritz N, Curtis N. The Role of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin in Staphylococcus aureus Musculoskeletal Infections in Children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2012 May. 31(5):514-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Mendes RE, Deshpande LM, Smyth DS, Shopsin B, Farrell DJ, Jones RN. Characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains recovered from a phase IV clinical trial for linezolid versus vancomycin for treatment of nosocomial pneumonia. J Clin Microbiol. 2012 Nov. 50(11):3694-702. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

47. Hermos CR, Yoong P, Pier GB. High levels of antibody to panton-valentine leukocidin are not associated with resistance to Staphylococcus aureus-associated skin and soft-tissue infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Nov 15. 51(10):1138-46. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. Grundmeier M, Tuchscherr L, Bruck M, Viemann D, Roth J, Willscher E. Staphylococcal strains vary greatly in their ability to induce an inflammatory response in endothelial cells. J Infect Dis. 2010 Mar 15. 201(6):871-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

49. Strandberg KL, Rotschafer JH, Vetter SM, Buonpane RA, Kranz DM, Schlievert PM. Staphylococcal superantigens cause lethal pulmonary disease in rabbits. J Infect Dis. 2010 Dec 1. 202(11):1690-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Li M, Cheung GY, Hu J, Wang D, Joo HS, Deleo FR, et al. Comparative analysis of virulence and toxin expression of global community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains. J Infect Dis. 2010 Dec 15. 202(12):1866-76. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Torres VJ, Stauff DL, Pishchany G, Bezbradica JS, Gordy LE, Iturregui J, et al. A Staphylococcus aureus regulatory system that responds to host heme and modulates virulence. Cell Host Microbe. 2007 Apr 19. 1(2):109-19. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

52. Pishchany G, McCoy AL, Torres VJ, Krause JC, Crowe JE Jr, Fabry ME, et al. Specificity for human hemoglobin enhances Staphylococcus aureus infection. Cell Host Microbe. 2010 Dec 16. 8(6):544-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

53. Kobayashi SD, Malachowa N, Whitney AR, Braughton KR, Gardner DJ, Long D, et al. Comparative Analysis of USA300 Virulence Determinants in a Rabbit Model of Skin and Soft Tissue Infection. J Infect Dis. 2011 Sep. 204(6):937-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

54. Hota B, Lyles R, Rim J, Popovich KJ, Rice T, Aroutcheva A. Predictors of clinical virulence in community-onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections: the importance of USA300 and pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Oct. 53(8):757-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Peyrani P, Allen M, Wiemken TL, Haque NZ, Zervos MJ, Ford KD, et al. Severity of disease and clinical outcomes in patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains not influenced by the presence of the Panton-Valentine Leukocidin gene. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Oct. 53(8):766-71. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Kebaier C, Chamberland RR, Allen IC, Gao X, Broglie PM, Hall JD. Staphylococcus aureus a-Hemolysin Mediates Virulence in a Murine Model of Severe Pneumonia Through Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome. J Infect Dis. 2012 Mar. 205(5):807-17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Rudkin JK, Edwards AM, Bowden MG, Brown EL, Pozzi C, Waters EM. Methicillin Resistance Reduces the Virulence of Healthcare-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Interfering With the agr Quorum Sensing System. J Infect Dis. 2012 Mar. 205(5):798-806. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

58. Sharma-Kuinkel BK, Ahn SH, Rude TH, Zhang Y, Tong SY, Ruffin F, et al. Presence of genes encoding panton-valentine leukocidin is not the primary determinant of outcome in patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia due to Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol. 2012 Mar. 50(3):848-56. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

59. Soong G, Chun J, Parker D, Prince A. Staphylococcus aureus Activation of Caspase 1/Calpain Signaling Mediates Invasion Through Human Keratinocytes. J Infect Dis. 2012 May. 205(10):1571-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

60. Otto M. How Staphylococcus aureus Breaches Our Skin to Cause Infection. J Infect Dis. 2012 May. 205(10):1483-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

61. Wehrhahn MC, Robinson JO, Pascoe EM, Coombs GW, Pearson JC, O'Brien FG. Illness Severity in Community-Onset Invasive Staphylococcus aureus Infection and the Presence of Virulence Genes. J Infect Dis. 2012 Jun. 205(12):1840-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

62. Garofalo A, Giai C, Lattar S, Gardella N, Mollerach M, Kahl BC. The Length of the Staphylococcus aureus Protein A Polymorphic Region Regulates Inflammation: Impact on Acute and Chronic Infection. J Infect Dis. 2012 Jul. 206(1):81-90. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

63. Shallcross LJ, Fragaszy E, Johnson AM, Hayward AC. The role of the Panton-Valentine leucocidin toxin in staphylococcal disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013 Jan. 13(1):43-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

64. Suryadevara M, Clark AE, Wolk DM, Carman A, Rosenbaum PF. Molecular characterization of invasive Staphylococcus aureus infection in central New York children: importance of two clonal groups and inconsistent presence of selected virulence determinants. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc. March 2013. 2(1):30-39.

65. Schneider-Lindner V, Quach C, Hanley JA, Suissa S. Antibacterial Drugs and the Risk of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011 Aug 1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

66. Smith TL, Pearson ML, Wilcox KR, et al. Emergence of vancomycin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Glycopeptide-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Working Group. N Engl J Med. 1999 Feb 18. 340(7):493-501. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

67. Zheng X, Qi C, Arrieta M, O'Leary A, Wang D, Shulman ST. Lack of increase in vancomycin resistance of pediatric methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from 2000 to 2007. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010 Sep. 29(9):882-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

68. Cameron DR, Ward DV, Kostoulias X, Howden BP, Moellering RC Jr, Eliopoulos GM. Serine/Threonine Phosphatase Stp1 Contributes to Reduced Susceptibility to Vancomycin and Virulence in Staphylococcus aureus. J Infect Dis. 2012 Jun. 205(11):1677-87. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

69. Cheung A, Duclos B. Stp1 and Stk1: The Yin and Yang of Vancomycin Sensitivity and Virulence in Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Strains. J Infect Dis. 2012 Jun. 205(11):1625-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

70. Shore AC, Deasy EC, Slickers P, et al. Detection of Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome mec Type XI Encoding Highly Divergent mecA, mecI, mecR1, blaZ and ccr Genes in Human Clinical Clonal Complex 130 Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011 Jun 2. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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72. Cameron DR, Howden BP, Peleg AY. The interface between antibiotic resistance and virulence in Staphylococcus aureus and its impact upon clinical outcomes. Clin Infect Dis. 2011 Sep. 53(6):576-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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75. Laidman J. Community-Associated MRSA Incidence on the Rise in Children. Medscape [serial online]. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/811483. Accessed: September 30, 2013.

76. Helwick C. MRSA Rising in Children With Musculoskeletal Infections. Medscape [serial online]. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/813484. Accessed: November 4, 2013.

77. Saravolatz LD, Pawlak J, Johnson LB. In vitro susceptibilities and molecular analysis of vancomycin-intermediate and vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Clin Infect Dis. 2012 Aug. 55(4):582-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

78. Frei CR, Makos BR, Daniels KR, Oramasionwu CU. Emergence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections as a common cause of hospitalization in United States children. J Pediatr Surg. 2010 Oct. 45(10):1967-74. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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80. Suryadevara M, Moro MR, Rosenbaum PF, Kiska D, Riddell S, Weiner LB. Incidence of invasive community-onset Staphylococcus aureus infections in children in Central New York. J Pediatr. 2010 Jan. 156(1):152-154.e1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

81. Landrum ML, Neumann C, Cook C, Chukwuma U, Ellis MW, Hospenthal DR. Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus Blood and Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in the US Military Health System, 2005-2010Staphylococcus aureus in US Military. JAMA. 2012 Jul 4. 308(1):50-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

82. Hsiang MS, Shiau R, Nadle J, Chan L, Lee B, Chambers HF, et al. Epidemiologic similarities in pediatric community-associated methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus in the San Francisco Bay area. J Pediatr Infect Dis Soc. September 2012. 1(3):200-211.

83. Reyes J, Rincon S, Diaz L, et al. Dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 sequence type 8 lineage in Latin America. Clin Infect Dis. 2009 Dec 15. 49(12):1861-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

84. Sutter DE, Milburn E, Chukwuma U, Dzialowy N, Maranich AM, Hospenthal DR. Changing Susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus in a US Pediatric Population. Pediatrics. 2016 Mar 1. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

85. Smit J, Søgaard M, Schønheyder HC, Nielsen H, Frøslev T, Thomsen RW. Diabetes and risk of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: A population-based case-control study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016 Mar 10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

86. Davenport L. Diabetes Patients at Higher Risk of S aureus Blood Infection. Medscape Medical News. Available at http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/860376. March 15, 2016; Accessed: April 27, 2016.

87. Saxena S, Thompson P, Birger R, Bottle A, Spyridis N, Wong I. Increasing Skin Infections and Staphylococcus aureus Complications in Children, England, 1997-2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 2010 Mar. 16(3):530-533. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

88. Otter JA, French GL. Molecular epidemiology of community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Europe. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010 Apr. 10(4):227-239. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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90. Golding GR, Levett PN, McDonald RR, Irvine J, Quinn B, Nsungu M. High rates of Staphylococcus aureus USA400 infection, Northern Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2011 Apr. 17(4):722-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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98. Tappe D, Schulze MH, Oesterlein A, Turnwald D, Müller A, Vogel U, et al. Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive Staphylococcus aureus infections in returning travelers. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2010 Oct. 83(4):748-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

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105. Marra F, Patrick DM, Chong M, McKay R, Hoang L, Bowie WR. Population-based study of the increased incidence of skin and soft tissue infections and associated antimicrobial use. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2012 Dec. 56(12):6243-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

106. Jenkins TC, Sabel AL, Sarcone EE, Price CS, Mehler PS, Burman WJ. Skin and soft-tissue infections requiring hospitalization at an academic medical center: opportunities for antimicrobial stewardship. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Oct 15. 51(8):895-903. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

107. Spellberg B. Skin and soft-tissue infections: modern evolution of an ancient problem. Clin Infect Dis. 2010 Oct 15. 51(8):904-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

108. Carrillo-Marquez MA, Hulten KG, Hammerman W, Lamberth L, Mason EO, Kaplan SL. Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia in Children in the Era of Community-acquired Methicillin-resistance at Texas Children's Hospital. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011 Jul. 30(7):545-50. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

109. Vander Have KL, Karmazyn B, Verma M, Caird MS, Hensinger RN, Farley FA. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in acute musculoskeletal infection in children: a game changer. J Pediatr Orthop. 2009 Dec. 29(8):927-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

110. Fretzayas A, Moustaki M, Tsagris V, Brozou T, Nicolaidou P. MRSA blistering distal dactylitis and review of reported cases. Pediatr Dermatol. 2011 Jul-Aug. 28(4):433-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

111. Carrillo-Marquez MA, Hulten KG, Hammerman W, Mason EO, Kaplan SL. USA300 is the predominant genotype causing Staphylococcus aureus septic arthritis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009 Dec. 28(12):1076-80. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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Elizabeth P Baorto, MD, MPH Director, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Atlantic Health System

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

David Baorto, MD, PhD Medical Knowledge Engineer, Department of Medical Informatics, Columbia University Medical Center

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Larry I Lutwick, MD, FACP Editor-in-Chief, ID Cases; Moderator, Program for Monitoring Emerging Diseases; Adjunct Professor of Medicine, State University of New York Downstate College of Medicine

Larry I Lutwick, MD, FACP is a member of the following medical societies: American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Physicians, American Federation for Clinical Research, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Infectious Diseases Society of New York, International Society for Infectious Diseases, New York Academy of Sciences, Veterans Affairs Society of Practitioners in Infectious Diseases

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Russell W Steele, MD Clinical Professor, Tulane University School of Medicine; Staff Physician, Ochsner Clinic Foundation

Russell W Steele, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association of Immunologists, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, Louisiana State Medical Society, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Society for Pediatric Research, Southern Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

José Rafael Romero, MD Director of Pediatric Infectious Diseases Fellowship Program, Associate Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Combined Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Creighton University/University of Nebraska Medical Center

José Rafael Romero, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Society for Microbiology, Infectious Diseases Society of America, New York Academy of Sciences, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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