Guidelines Summary

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) continues to publish updated guidelines for prevention of perinatal GBS disease; the most recent one was published in 2010,^[170] with an update in 2012.^[171]

Although it was not considered a consensus development conference, in 2016, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) convened a panel of experts from the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM), the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) for a workshop that issued a report on the evaluation and management of women and newborns with a maternal diagnosis of chorioamnionitis.^[2]The panel noted that the term "chorioamnionitis" has been used to label a heterogeneous array of conditions characterized by intrauterine infection, inflammation, or both, with a consequent great variation in clinical practice for mothers and their newborns. Therefore, the panel proposed to replace the term "chorioamnionitis" with a more general, descriptive term: “intrauterine inflammation or infection or both,” abbreviated as “triple I.” The panel also proposed a classification (see the table under Diagnostic Considerations) for triple I as well as recommended approaches for the evaluation and management of pregnant women and their newborns with a diagnosis of triple I. Furthermore, the panel indicated the importance of recognizing that an isolated maternal fever is not synonymous with chorioamnionitis.

Medication

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Author

Fayez M Bany-Mohammed, MD HS Clinical Professor of Pediatrics, Program Director, Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine Fellowship Program, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine; Attending Neonatologist, Neonatal ICU, UCI Medical Center and St Francis Medical Center

Fayez M Bany-Mohammed, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, California Association of Neonatologists

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Specialty Editor Board

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Arun K Pramanik, MD, MBBS Professor of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center

Arun K Pramanik, MD, MBBS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Thoracic Society, National Perinatal Association, Southern Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Chief Editor

Ted Rosenkrantz, MD Professor, Departments of Pediatrics and Obstetrics/Gynecology, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine

Ted Rosenkrantz, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Pediatric Society, Eastern Society for Pediatric Research, American Medical Association, Connecticut State Medical Society, Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Additional Contributors

Michael P Sherman, MD, FAAP † Former Professor, Department of Child Health, University of Missouri-Columbia School of Medicine; Neonatologist, Women’s and Children’s Hospital; Professor Emeritus, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine

Michael P Sherman, MD, FAAP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association of Immunologists, American Pediatric Society, American Society for Microbiology, American Thoracic Society, European Society for Paediatric Research, Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society, Perinatal Research Society, Society for Pediatric Research, Western Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Katsufumi Otsuki, MD, PhD Associate Professor, Chief, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Showa University Koto-Toyosu Hospital, Japan

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Naomi F Lauriello, MD Associate Professor, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University; Associate Physician, NICU, Nemours duPont Pediatrics at Thomas Jefferson University Hospital

Naomi F Lauriello, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

Research by the author, Michael Sherman, is supported by NIH grant R44 HD 057744 and a grant from the Gerber Foundation. The author appreciates the review of the manuscript undertaken by Jan Sherman, RN, NNP, PhD, and her helpful recommendations for improvement.

Terminology	Features and Comments
Isolated Maternal Fever (“Documented” fever)	Maternal oral temperature ≥39.0°C (≥102.2°F) on any one occasion is documented fever. If the oral temperature is between 38.0°C (100.4°F) and 39.0°C (102.2°F), repeat the measurement in 30 minutes; if the repeat value remains at least 38.0°C (≥100.4°F), it is documented fever.
Suspected Triple I	Fever without a clear source plus any of the following: Baseline fetal tachycardia (>160 beats per min for 10 min or longer, excluding accelerations, decelerations, and periods of marked variability) Maternal white blood cell count >15,000 per mm ³ in the absence of corticosteroids Definite purulent fluid from the cervical os
Confirmed Triple I	All of the above plus: Amniocentesis-proven infection through a positive Gram stain Low glucose level or positive amniotic fluid culture Placental pathology revealing diagnostic features of infection

Chorioamnionitis Guidelines

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