Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Medication

1. Jones KL, Smith DW. Recognition of the fetal alcohol syndrome in early infancy. Lancet. 1973 Nov 3. 2(7836):999-1001. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. Gray R, Mukherjee RA, Rutter M. Alcohol consumption during pregnancy and its effects on neurodevelopment: what is known and what remains uncertain. Addiction. 2009 Aug. 104(8):1270-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. Keiver K, Bertram CP, Orr AP, Clarren S. Salivary cortisol levels are elevated in the afternoon and at bedtime in children with prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcohol. 2015 Feb. 49(1):79-87. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

4. Mattson SN, Roesch SC, Glass L, et al. Further development of a neurobehavioral profile of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013 Mar. 37(3):517-28. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Sujay NK, Jones M, Whittle E, Murphy H, Auth MK. Severe gastrooesophageal reflux disease associated with foetal alcohol syndrome. Case Rep Pediatr. 2012. 2012:509253. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

6. Carter RC, Jacobson JL, Molteno CD, et al. Effects of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure and iron deficiency anemia on child growth and body composition through age 9 years. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012 Nov. 36(11):1973-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Kuehn D, Aros S, Cassorla F, et al. A prospective cohort study of the prevalence of growth, facial, and central nervous system abnormalities in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012 Oct. 36(10):1811-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Bonthius DJ, Tzouras G, Karacay B, et al. Deficiency of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) worsens alcohol-induced microencephaly and neuronal loss in developing mice. Brain Res Dev Brain Res. 2002 Sep 20. 138(1):45-59. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Astley SJ, Aylward EH, Olson HC, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging outcomes from a comprehensive magnetic resonance study of children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2009 Oct. 33(10):1671-89. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Karunamuni G, Gu S, Doughman YQ, et al. Using optical coherence tomography to rapidly phenotype and quantify congenital heart defects associated with prenatal alcohol exposure. Dev Dyn. 2015 Apr. 244(4):607-18. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Taylor PA, Jacobson SW, van der Kouwe A, et al. A DTI-based tractography study of effects on brain structure associated with prenatal alcohol exposure in newborns. Hum Brain Mapp. 2015 Jan. 36(1):170-86. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Rangmar J, Hjern A, Vinnerljung B, Stromland K, Aronson M, Fahlke C. Psychosocial outcomes of fetal alcohol syndrome in adulthood. Pediatrics. 2015 Jan. 135(1):e52-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Abel EL. "Moderate" drinking during pregnancy: cause for concern?. Clin Chim Acta. 1996 Mar 15. 246(1-2):149-54. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Abel EL. An update on incidence of FAS: FAS is not an equal opportunity birth defect. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 1995 Jul-Aug. 17(4):437-43. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Abel EL. Fetal alcohol syndrome: the American Paradox. Alcohol Alcohol. 1998 May-Jun. 33(3):195-201. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. [Guideline] Bertrand J, Floyd LL, Weber MK. Guidelines for identifying and referring persons with fetal alcohol syndrome. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2005 Oct 28. 54:1-14. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Carmichael Olson H, Burgess DM, Streissguth AP. Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol effects (FAE): A lifespan view, with implications for intervention. Zero to Three/National Center for Clinical Infant Programs. 13(1):1992: 24-9.

18. Clark CM, Li D, Conry J, et al. Structural and functional brain integrity of fetal alcohol syndrome in nonretarded cases. Pediatrics. 2000 May. 105(5):1096-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Day NL, Richardson GA. Prenatal alcohol exposure: a continuum of effects. Semin Perinatol. 1991 Aug. 15(4):271-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Flandermeyer A. The drug exposed neonate. Kenner C, ed. Comprehensive Neonatal Nursing: A Physiological Perspective. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1993. 997-1033.

21. Forrest F, Florey CD, Taylor D, McPherson F, Young JA. Reported social alcohol consumption during pregnancy and infants' development at 18 months. BMJ. 1991 Jul 6. 303(6793):22-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. Hoyme HE, May PA, Kalberg WO, et al. A practical clinical approach to diagnosis of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: clarification of the 1996 institute of medicine criteria. Pediatrics. 2005 Jan. 115(1):39-47. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

23. Iyasu S, Randall LL, Welty TK, et al. Risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome among northern plains Indians. JAMA. 2002 Dec 4. 288(21):2717-23. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

24. Jacobson SW, Chiodo LM, Sokol RJ, Jacobson JL. Validity of maternal report of prenatal alcohol, cocaine, and smoking in relation to neurobehavioral outcome. Pediatrics. 2002 May. 109(5):815-25. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

25. Kavale KA, Karge BD. Fetal alcohol syndrome: A behavioral teratology. The Exceptional Child. Columbus, OH: Charles E. Merrill; 1986. 4-16.

26. Levy M, Koren G. Clinical toxicology of the neonate. Semin Perinatol. 1992 Feb. 16(1):63-75. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. May PA, Brooke L, Gossage JP, et al. Epidemiology of fetal alcohol syndrome in a South African community in the Western Cape Province. Am J Public Health. 2000 Dec. 90(12):1905-12. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. May PA, Gossage JP, White-Country M, et al. Alcohol consumption and other maternal risk factors for fetal alcohol syndrome among three distinct samples of women before, during, and after pregnancy: the risk is relative. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2004 May 15. 127(1):10-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Phelps L, Grabowski J. Fetal alcohol syndrome: Diagnostic features and psychoeducational risk factors. School Psychol Q. 1992. 7(2):112-28.

30. Russell M. Clinical implications of recent research on the fetal alcohol syndrome. Bull N Y Acad Med. 1991 May-Jun. 67(3):207-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Russell M, Czarnecki DM, Cowan R, et al. Measures of maternal alcohol use as predictors of development in early childhood. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1991 Dec. 15(6):991-1000. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Sampson PD, Streissguth AP, Bookstein FL. Incidence of fetal alcohol syndrome and prevalence of alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder. Teratology. 1997 Nov. 56(5):317-26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

33. Shaywitz SE, Cohen DJ, Shaywitz BA. Behavior and learning difficulties in children of normal intelligence born to alcoholic mothers. J Pediatr. 1980 Jun. 96(6):978-82. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Sommers M. Alcohol intoxication and multiple trauma: A catastrophic combination. Med Surg Nurs Q. 1992. 1:110-21.

35. Spadoni AD, McGee CL, Fryer SL, Riley EP. Neuroimaging and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2007. 31(2):239-45. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Stratton K, Howe C, Battaglia F. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, Prevention, and Treatment. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 1996.

37. Streissguth A, LaDue R. Psychological and behavioral effects in children prenatally exposed to alcohol. Alcohol Health Res World. 1985. 10:6-12.

38. Streissguth AP, Barr HM, Sampson PD, Bookstein FL. Prenatal alcohol and offspring development: the first fourteen years. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1994 Oct. 36(2):89-99. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Taybi H. Handbook of Syndromes and Metabolic Disorders: Radiologic and Clinical Manifestations. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby-Year Book; 1998. 71-2.

40. Warren KR, Li TK. Genetic polymorphisms: impact on the risk of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Birth Defects Res A Clin Mol Teratol. 2005 Apr. 73(4):195-203. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. West JR, Goodlett CR, Brandt JP. New approaches to research on the long-term consequences of prenatal exposure to alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1990 Oct. 14(5):684-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

Keith K Vaux, MD Professor of Medicine, Clinical Chief and Division Director, Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine; Director, Rare Disease Program, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego and UC San Diego

Keith K Vaux, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, Western Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Christina Chambers, MPH, PhD Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California at San Diego; Assistant Professor, Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University

Christina Chambers, MPH, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: Society for Epidemiologic Research, Teratology Society, Research Society on Alcoholism, International Society for Pharmacoepidemiology

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Arun K Pramanik, MD, MBBS Professor of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center

Arun K Pramanik, MD, MBBS is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Thoracic Society, National Perinatal Association, Southern Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Ted Rosenkrantz, MD Professor, Departments of Pediatrics and Obstetrics/Gynecology, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, University of Connecticut School of Medicine

Ted Rosenkrantz, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Pediatric Society, Eastern Society for Pediatric Research, American Medical Association, Connecticut State Medical Society, Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Oussama Itani, MD, FAAP, FACN Clinical Associate Professor of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University; Medical Director, Department of Neonatology, Borgess Medical Center

Oussama Itani, MD, FAAP, FACN is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Association for Physician Leadership, American Heart Association, American College of Nutrition

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of Christine D Dittmer, MD, and Sarah L Lentz-Kapua, MD, to the writing and development of this article.

• Print this section
• Print the entire contents of
• Print the entire contents of article