Neonatal Sepsis Questions & Answers

1. Klinger G, Levy I, Sirota L, et al, for the Israel Neonatal Network. Epidemiology and risk factors for early onset sepsis among very-low-birthweight infants. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009 Jul. 201 (1):38.e1-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

2. van den Hoogen A, Gerards LJ, Verboon-Maciolek MA, Fleer A, Krediet TG. Long-term trends in the epidemiology of neonatal sepsis and antibiotic susceptibility of causative agents. Neonatology. 2010. 97 (1):22-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

3. [Guideline] Verani JR, McGee L, Schrag SJ, for the Division of Bacterial Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease--revised guidelines from CDC, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010 Nov 19. 59 (RR-10):1-36. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

4. Berardi A, Rossi C, Spada C, et al, for the GBS Prevention Working Group of Emilia-Romagna. Strategies for preventing early-onset sepsis and for managing neonates at-risk: wide variability across six Western countries. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2019 Sep. 32 (18):3102-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

5. Lin FY, Weisman LE, Azimi P, et al. Assessment of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of early-onset group B Streptococcal disease. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011 Sep. 30 (9):759-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

6. Weston EJ, Pondo T, Lewis MM, et al. The burden of invasive early-onset neonatal sepsis in the United States, 2005-2008. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011 Nov. 30 (11):937-41. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

7. Morales WJ, Dickey SS, Bornick P, Lim DV. Change in antibiotic resistance of group B streptococcus: impact on intrapartum management. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999 Aug. 181 (2):310-4. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

8. Strunk T, Richmond P, Simmer K, Currie A, Levy O, Burgner D. Neonatal immune responses to coagulase-negative staphylococci. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2007 Aug. 20 (4):370-5. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

9. Power Coombs MR, Kronforst K, Levy O. Neonatal host defense against Staphylococcal infections. Clin Dev Immunol. 2013. 2013:826303. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

10. Srinivasan L, Kirpalani H, Cotten CM. Elucidating the role of genomics in neonatal sepsis. Semin Perinatol. 2015 Dec. 39 (8):611-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

11. Groer MW, Gregory KE, Louis-Jacques A, Thibeau S, Walker WA. The very low birth weight infant microbiome and childhood health. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today. 2015 Dec. 105 (4):252-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

12. Koenig JM, Yoder MC. Neonatal neutrophils: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Clin Perinatol. 2004 Mar. 31 (1):39-51. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

13. Weinberg AG, Rosenfeld CR, Manroe BL, Browne R. Neonatal blood cell count in health and disease. II. Values for lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils. J Pediatr. 1985 Mar. 106 (3):462-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

14. Landor M. Maternal-fetal transfer of immunoglobulins. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1995 Apr. 74 (4):279-83; quiz 284. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

15. Griffiths PD, Stagno S, Pass RF, Smith RJ, Alford CA Jr. Congenital cytomegalovirus infection: diagnostic and prognostic significance of the detection of specific immunoglobulin M antibodies in cord serum. Pediatrics. 1982 May. 69 (5):544-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

16. Kohler PF. Maturation of the human complement system. I. Onset time and sites of fetal C1q, C4, C3, and C5 synthesis. J Clin Invest. 1973 Mar. 52 (3):671-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

17. Stocker J, Dehner L, eds. Pediatric Pathology. Vol 2. Philadelphia, PA: JB Lippincott; 1992.

18. Arnon S, Litmanovitz I. Diagnostic tests in neonatal sepsis. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2008 Jun. 21 (3):223-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

19. Simonsen KA, Anderson-Berry AL, Delair SF, Davies HD. Early-onset neonatal sepsis. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2014 Jan. 27 (1):21-47. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

20. Graham PL 3rd, Begg MD, Larson E, Della-Latta P, Allen A, Saiman L. Risk factors for late onset gram-negative sepsis in low birth weight infants hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006 Feb. 25 (2):113-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

21. Stoll BJ, Hansen NI, Sánchez PJ, et al, for the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Early onset neonatal sepsis: the burden of group B Streptococcal and E. coli disease continues. Pediatrics. 2011 May. 127 (5):817-26. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

22. American Academy of Pediatrics. Red Book 2003: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 26th ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2003. 117-123, 237-43, 561-73, 584-91.

23. American Academy of Pediatrics. Red Book 2018-2021: Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 31st ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2018.

24. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee on Obstetric Practice. ACOG Committee opinion no. 485: Prevention of early-onset group B streptococcal disease in newborns (reaffirmed in 2016). Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Apr. 117 (4):1019-27. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

25. [Guideline] Schrag S, Gorwitz R, Fultz-Butts K, Schuchat A. Prevention of perinatal group B streptococcal disease. Revised guidelines from CDC. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2002 Aug 16. 51 (RR-11):1-22. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

26. Mukhopadhyay S, Lieberman ES, Puopolo KM, Riley LE, Johnson LC. Effect of early-onset sepsis evaluations on in-hospital breastfeeding practices among asymptomatic term neonates. Hosp Pediatr. 2015 Apr. 5 (4):203-10. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

27. Kermorvant-Duchemin E, Laborie S, Rabilloud M, Lapillonne A, Claris O. Outcome and prognostic factors in neonates with septic shock. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2008 Mar. 9 (2):186-91. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

28. Adams-Chapman I, Stoll BJ. Neonatal infection and long-term neurodevelopmental outcome in the preterm infant. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2006 Jun. 19 (3):290-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

29. Volpe JJ. Postnatal sepsis, necrotizing entercolitis, and the critical role of systemic inflammation in white matter injury in premature infants. J Pediatr. 2008 Aug. 153 (2):160-3. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

30. Stoll BJ, Hansen NI, Adams-Chapman I, et al, for the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Neurodevelopmental and growth impairment among extremely low-birth-weight infants with neonatal infection. JAMA. 2004 Nov 17. 292 (19):2357-65. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

31. Seaward PG, Hannah ME, Myhr TL, et al. International multicenter term PROM study: evaluation of predictors of neonatal infection in infants born to patients with premature rupture of membranes at term. Premature Rupture of the Membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998 Sep. 179 (3 Pt 1):635-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

32. Committee on Obstetric Practice. Committee opinion no. 712: Intrapartum management of intraamniotic infection. Obstet Gynecol. 2017 Aug. 130 (2):e95-e101. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

33. Peng CC, Chang JH, Lin HY, Cheng PJ, Su BH. Intrauterine inflammation, infection, or both (triple I): a new concept for chorioamnionitis. Pediatr Neonatol. 2018 Jun. 59 (3):231-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

34. Kuzniewicz MW, Walsh EM, Li S, Fischer A, Escobar GJ. Development and implementation of an early-onset sepsis calculator to guide antibiotic management in late preterm and term neonates. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2016 May. 42 (5):232-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

35. Puopolo KM, Draper D, Wi S, et al. Estimating the probability of neonatal early-onset infection on the basis of maternal risk factors. Pediatrics. 2011 Nov. 128 (5):e1155-63. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

36. Short MA. Guide to a systematic physical assessment in the infant with suspected infection and/or sepsis. Adv Neonatal Care. 2004 Jun. 4 (3):141-53; quiz 154-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

37. Delanghe JR, Speeckaert MM. Translational research and biomarkers in neonatal sepsis. Clin Chim Acta. 2015 Dec 7. 451 (pt A):46-64. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

38. Chan KY, Lam HS, Cheung HM, et al. Rapid identification and differentiation of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial bloodstream infections by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in preterm infants. Crit Care Med. 2009 Aug. 37 (8):2441-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

39. Enomoto M, Morioka I, Morisawa T, Yokoyama N, Matsuo M. A novel diagnostic tool for detecting neonatal infections using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Neonatology. 2009. 96 (2):102-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

40. Mukhopadhyay S, Puopolo KM. Clinical and microbiologic characteristics of early-onset sepsis among very low birth weight infants: opportunities for antibiotic stewardship. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2017 May. 36 (5):477-81. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

41. Carroll PD, Christensen RD. New and underutilized uses of umbilical cord blood in neonatal care. Matern Health Neonatol Perinatol. 2015. 1:16. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

42. Khashu M, Osiovich H, Henry D, Al Khotani A, Solimano A, Speert DP. Persistent bacteremia and severe thrombocytopenia caused by coagulase-negative Staphylococcus in a neonatal intensive care unit. Pediatrics. 2006 Feb. 117 (2):340-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

43. Newman TB, Puopolo KM, Wi S, Draper D, Escobar GJ. Interpreting complete blood counts soon after birth in newborns at risk for sepsis. Pediatrics. 2010 Nov. 126 (5):903-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

44. Hawk M. C-reactive protein in neonatal sepsis. Neonatal Netw. 2008 Mar-Apr. 27 (2):117-20. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

45. Ng PC, Lam HS. Diagnostic markers for neonatal sepsis. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2006 Apr. 18 (2):125-31. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

46. Boskabadi H, Zakerihamidi M. Evaluate the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis by measuring interleukins: A systematic review. Pediatr Neonatol. 2018 Aug. 59 (4):329-38. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

47. Leal YA, Alvarez-Nemegyei J, Lavadores-May AI, Giron-Carrillo JL, Cedillo-Rivera R, Velazquez JR. Cytokine profile as diagnostic and prognostic factor in neonatal sepsis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2019 Sep. 32 (17):2830-6. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

48. van Maldeghem I, Nusman CM, Visser DH. Soluble CD14 subtype (sCD14-ST) as biomarker in neonatal early-onset sepsis and late-onset sepsis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Immunol. 2019 Jun 3. 20 (1):17. [QxMD MEDLINE Link]. [Full Text].

49. Meem M, Modak JK, Mortuza R, Morshed M, Islam MS, Saha SK. Biomarkers for diagnosis of neonatal infections: a systematic analysis of their potential as a point-of-care diagnostics. J Glob Health. 2011 Dec. 1 (2):201-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

50. Altunhan H, Annagur A, Ors R, Mehmetoglu I. Procalcitonin measurement at 24 hours of age may be helpful in the prompt diagnosis of early-onset neonatal sepsis. Int J Infect Dis. 2011 Dec. 15 (12):e854-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

51. Sharma D, Farahbakhsh N, Shastri S, Sharma P. Biomarkers for diagnosis of neonatal sepsis: a literature review. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018 Jun. 31 (12):1646-59. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

52. Ng PC, Li K, Leung TF, et al. Early prediction of sepsis-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation with interleukin-10, interleukin-6, and RANTES in preterm infants. Clin Chem. 2006 Jun. 52 (6):1181-9. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

53. Garges HP, Moody MA, Cotten CM, et al. Neonatal meningitis: what is the correlation among cerebrospinal fluid cultures, blood cultures, and cerebrospinal fluid parameters?. Pediatrics. 2006 Apr. 117 (4):1094-100. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

54. Davis KL, Shah SS, Frank G, Eppes SC. Why are young infants tested for herpes simplex virus?. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2008 Oct. 24 (10):673-8. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

55. Ting JY, Synnes A, Roberts A, et al, for the Canadian Neonatal Network Investigators. Association between antibiotic use and neonatal mortality and morbidities in very low-birth-weight infants without culture-proven sepsis or necrotizing enterocolitis. JAMA Pediatr. 2016 Dec 1. 170 (12):1181-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

56. Tzialla C, Borghesi A, Pozzi M, Stronati M. Neonatal infections due to multi-resistant strains: epidemiology, current treatment, emerging therapeutic approaches and prevention. Clin Chim Acta. 2015 Dec 7. 451 (Pt A):71-7. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

57. Shipp KD, Chiang T, Karasick S, Quick K, Nguyen ST, Cantey JB. Antibiotic stewardship challenges in a referral neonatal intensive care unit. Am J Perinatol. 2016 Apr. 33 (5):518-24. [QxMD MEDLINE Link].

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Nathan S Gollehon, MD, FAAP Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Neonatologist, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Pediatrics Clerkship Director, Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center

Nathan S Gollehon, MD, FAAP is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American College of Physicians, American Medical Association

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Ann L Anderson-Berry, MD, PhD Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Section of Newborn Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Creighton University School of Medicine; Medical Director, NICU, Nebraska Medical Center

Ann L Anderson-Berry, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, Nebraska Medical Association, Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Muhammad Aslam, MD Professor of Pediatrics, University of California, Irvine, School of Medicine; Neonatologist, Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UC Irvine Medical Center

Muhammad Aslam, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Linda L Bellig, RN, MA, NNP-BC (Retired) Track Coordinator, Instructor, Neonatal Nurse Practitioner Program, Medical University of South Carolina College of Nursing

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Bryan L Ohning, MD, PhD Medical Director of Neonatal Transport, Division of Neonatology, Children's Hospital, Greenville Hospital System, University Medical Center; Professor of Clinical Pediatrics, University of South Carolina School of Medicine-Greenville

Bryan L Ohning, MD, PhD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics, American Thoracic Society, South Carolina Medical Association

Disclosure: Receive salary from Pediatrix Medical Group of SC for employment. for: Mednax.

David A Clark, MD Chairman, Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Albany Medical College

David A Clark, MD is a member of the following medical societies: Alpha Omega Alpha, American Academy of Pediatrics, American Pediatric Society, Christian Medical & Dental Society, Medical Society of the State of New York, New York Academy of Sciences, and Society for Pediatric Research

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Scott S MacGilvray, MD Clinical Professor, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, The Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University

Scott S MacGilvray, MD is a member of the following medical societies: American Academy of Pediatrics

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

Mary L Windle, PharmD Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy; Editor-in-Chief, Medscape Drug Reference

Disclosure: Nothing to disclose.

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